俄罗斯国家认同的构建及其对中国的启示

The Construction of National Identity of Russia and Its Enlightening Meaning for China

认同需要内容和结构两方面支撑,政治认同和文化认同支撑起认同的内部同一性,而同一性则与排他性共同构成认同的平衡结构。中俄同属转型国家,同样面临构建国家认同的挑战。俄罗斯在国家发展过程中确立了以专制制度和东正教思想支撑的内部同一性,又利用外部排他性维持了国家认同的基本结构。普京在重建国家认同的过程中,通过恢复传统历史文化和权威主义制度安排再造了认同的内部同一性,但却因为过度强调垂直权力体系和与西方的对抗导致认同内容和结构的失调。中国和俄罗斯在政治文化传统和转型社会矛盾问题上异同并存,中国可以有选择地借鉴俄罗斯发扬历史文化传统重建国家认同内部同一性的经验,但要警惕过于强调排他性的危害,而将构建当代中国国家认同任务的重心放在社会、国家和国际三个层次上,通过加强公民社会、超民族文化认同和建设具有世界认同能力的价值观,对当代中国社会主义核心价值观进行内容和结构上的再充实,真正实现中华民族伟大精神的复兴。

Russia has always been in the dilemma of cultural identity and geopolitical identity. So since it started to build its state identity, Russia has been seeking for a national ideology to balance its self-identity and the state＇s development, that is, the state identity, which should be supported by both political identity and cultural identity. This article analyses the path of the construction and reconstruction of Russia＇ s state identity from the perspective of identical structure, which is comprised of the internal consistence and the external exclusiveness, only under the condition of balance where Russia can realize its stable development. Both China and Russia are transitional countries, being faced with the challenge of reconstructing their state identity. The two giants share both similarities and dissimilarities in their traditional political cultures and have their own problems in their social transformation. China may learn from Russia＇ s experience in its internal identity when reconstructing its state identity through developing its traditional historical culture, but must beware of the tendency of over-emphasizing the danger of exclusiveness. China＇ s contemporary reconstruction of its state identity should focus on strengthening civil society and supranational cultural identity, and fostering values with the capacity of world identity. Contemporary China＇ s socialist core values should be enhanced in both content and structure, so as to realize the revitalization of the great spirit of the Chinese nation.