从共生到竞争:功能视角下的村办煤矿开发与国家治理

From Co-Existence to Competition: On Development and National Governance of Village Coal Mines from a Functional Perspective

本文以晋南一个村庄的煤矿开发为例,通过分析煤矿开发对村民和国家的不同意义,探讨资源开发中国家与村民的关系及其对资源开发和环境问题的影响。研究发现,对村民而言,煤矿开发具有解决温饱和改善村民生活状况的意义,这使人们进一步寄予它奔向"小康"的美好愿望。对国家而言,煤矿开发在推动区域经济发展、提高人民生活水平、实现国家治理目标方面有着不可替代的作用。然而,开发的深入和持续伴随着区域发展差异拉大、资源开发与环境保护矛盾加剧以及生产安全等问题,给国家治理带来了困难。研究认为,国家和村民的共生关系使资源得以开发实施,并使环境问题被忽视;竞争关系使资源开发受到影响,并使环境问题凸显。研究提出,从国家层面整合和规范资源开发,以缓和资源开发中出现的人口、资源、环境矛盾,解决区域发展失衡等问题;处理好相关社会群体在资源的占有、开发中的关系,解决好资源分配与环境负担之间存在的矛盾。

By studying the case of a village coal mining in south Shanxi Province,the paper analyzes its separate impact to villagers and the state; and probes into how resource development may affect the relationship between the two,as well as how the relationship may in turn affect resource development and environmental issues. We found that coal mining improved the living condition of villagers,who further rely on the mining. Coal mining also used to make great contribution to achieving the goal of national governance by booming local economy and upgrading people's living condition. However,with the deepening of the development and the widening of the gap among regional economy,resource development are getting more conflicts with environmental protection and producing security. It brings more problems to national governance. The study concludes that the co-existing villager-state relationship promotes the development of resources,but somehow conceals environmental problems;while the competitive relationship hinders the development of resources,but highlights environmental problems.We propose that development of resources should be integrated and standardized from the national level so as to alleviate the problems such as population,resources and environment and to handle the conflicts between resource allocation and environmental burden.