WTO法视野下的国有企业法律定性问题——兼评美国政府相关立场

A Review of State-Owned Enterprises from WTO Law Perspective

国有企业法律定性是指国有企业是普通市场主体还是类似政府的公共机构。这个问题在国内尚未充分讨论,但对我国对外经贸关系发展和国际义务承担却有深刻影响。WTO法和美国法对国有企业法律定性的看法为深化国有企业改革提供了一个新视角。国有企业构成公共机构的法律标准不是"控股"或"控权",而是企业行使政府职权。考察政府对国有企业的控制情况,不仅要看控制的形式标记,还要看控制权的实际行使。为了主动回应和消除来自外国的诘难,中国必须坚定不移深化国企改革。

The legal nature of state-owned enterprises （SOEs）, i.e. whether SOE is a regular enterprise or a public body that is equivalent to state government, remains an open question in Chinese domestic law. The answer to that question has great bearing on China＇s foreign economic relations and on the scope of China＇s legal obligation under international law. This article endeavors to explore the legal nature of SOEs by analyzing WTO and the United States＇ stance on this issue. Merely government shareholding is not dispositive on whether an SOE constitutes public body. To be deemed as public body, an SOE must exercise government authority. In an examination of governmental control on SOEs, it is insufficient to focus merely on ＂formal indicia of control＂; rather, an analysis of the actual extent to which the control power has been exercised is indispensible. In order to defend its national interest, China must put its resolve to reform SOEs into practice.