沈德潜诗学的渊源、发展及命名

The Evolution and Naming of Shen Deqian's Poetics

作为乾隆诗坛地位最高的宗师,沈德潜诗学的发展经历了三个阶段:青年求学时期、中年馆课时期、晚境腾达和归田时期。青年时代有三个人给予他的诗学观念以重要影响,老师叶燮的开放包容的胸襟、友人许廷鑅的宗唐立场和精神偶像王士禛的神韵学说,由此熔铸成其诗学的基本倾向。中年的沈德潜屡馆于名诗人之家,拓宽了诗学眼界,以诗话、选本、评点系统地表达了自己的诗学见解,同时建构起更富于包容性的经典序列和诗歌传统。晚年随着政治上的腾达,他成为京师文人领袖和诗坛盟主,诗学观念也日趋正统。当代学者以格调派命名沈氏诗学,不足以概括其主导倾向,适足模糊了它的某些本质特征。

The poetics of Shen Deqian, the most respected poet during the reign of Qianlong(1736-1775), has can be divided into three phases: the training period, the teaching period, and the visibility and returning-to-thecountry period. In his youth, he was heavily influenced by, among others, Ye Xie's inclusiveness, Xu Tingrong' pro-Tang poise, and Wang Shizhen's Aura theory, which combined shaped the orientation of Shen's poetics. In his middle age, Shen, thanks to its being a tutor at homes of many renowned poets, expressed his poetics in the form of poetic remarks and selected collections, thus constructing a more inclusive sequence of classics and poetic tradition. In his late years, Shen, with his high political status, became the leader of poets in Beijing, and his poetics leaned toward orthodox dimensions. The modern naming of Shen's poetics as the 'taste and style' school fails to capture Shen's orientation and, even worse, perplex some distinctive features of Shen's poetics.