明清思想启蒙的两难抉择——以汤显祖为研究个案

The Difficult Choice of Enlightenment Thought in Ming and Qing Dynasty ——Taking Tang Xian-zu as an Example

汤显祖一生的心灵矛盾和苦闷在于文章名世与大道践履的抉择两难。矛盾的根源在于汤公具有强烈的对家族、师友和社会所期许于他的慧命担当意识 ,这激励了他“深心延不朽”的不朽之思 ;而与此同时 ,他也具有强烈的中国士大夫文人济世立功的情怀 ,这使他甚至认为诗人也“诚不足为”,“吾所为期于用世”。然而 ,当济世大道难以践履时 ,文章名世也难以理成前绪。值得庆幸的是 ,正是在他一生最苦闷的时期 ,他领悟到“人生精神不欺 ,为生息之本”,终于心精力一 ,在他并不以“不朽”业自诩的戏曲“小技”上 ,成就了让后人惊叹不已的传世伟业。可惜 ,这真正辉煌的诗意人生对汤公来说却太短暂了 ,他终不能“绝去杂情”,终还是被“疵累”所囿 ,终凝铸成让后人扼腕叹息的悲剧。汤显祖的悲剧说明 ,启蒙时代知识分子的蜕变是极其艰难的 ,启蒙思想的意识也是在自觉与不自觉之间的 。

Whether giving up fame pursuing to be a pure poet or not, is a quite difficult choice for Tang Xian zu even in his whole life. Because of his wandering between the two choices, Tang Xian zu cannot completely display his tenant, who wanted to build up an immoral career to pass on. This paper thinks that Tang Xian zu's difficult choice is also the reflection of the condition of the enlightment thought in Ming and Qing Dynasty, which was at the turning point from self conciousness to its opposite.