走下神坛的“意思”--论意思表示与风险归责

"Will" Going Down from the Altar Declaration of Intention and Imputation under the Principle of Risk

意思表示制度处理的是表示人在何种条件下对外在表示负责的问题(归责问题)。支配意思表示制度的基本归责原则是风险原则。表示人的内心意思并非意思表示的构成要件,无论欠缺效果意思、表示意思还是行为意思,都不必然导致意思表示不生效力。意思表示的构成要件是外部表示加表示人按照风险原则认定的可归责性。表示人的内心意思不应是意思表示的效力来源。

The key problem that the institution of declaration of intention deals with is when the external declaration shall be imputable to the declaring party. The imputation principle dominating the institution of declaration of intention is the principle of risk. The internal will of the declaring party is not a constitutional element of a declaration of intention. Neither lack of the will of acting, will of declaration, nor the will of legal effect will necessarily result in the invalidity of a declaration of intention. The consti- tutional elements of a declaration of intention shall be the external declaration plus the imputability of the declaring party. The internal will of the declaring party shall not be the ground for the validity of declara- tion of intention （promise）.