新世纪以来国内外生态农业综合评估研究进展

Progress of the research on ecological agricultural evaluation since the 21^(st) century

在梳理了新世纪以来国内外文献的基础上,对生态农业的概念进行了溯源与辨析,系统总结了国内外学者对生态农业综合评估指标选取和指标体系建立的主要思路,将现有评估体系归纳为EES框架及其拓展和PSR、DSR模型两类,对评估研究所采用的主要指标进行了频度统计、讨论和中外对比。概括了当前研究中采用的权重确定与综合评估的主要方法并进行了优缺点比较。从农业特征、空间尺度、时间跨度等角度对国内外已有的实证研究进行了分类与总结。研究比较发现,国内生态农业评估在实际指标的选取中,往往将数据易得性放在首要位置,而缺乏对指标之间内在逻辑联系和指标合理性、有效性的审视,指标体系构建缺乏代表性和概括性。此外,在对生态概念的理解上,现有评估体系对农业生产环节的生态影响挖掘的并不深刻,对石油消耗、电力消耗尤其是碳排放等重要的间接生态影响存在遗漏。最后,针对现有农业生态评估存在的问题,研究提出六方面的建议:1鉴于全球气候变化影响的广泛和深入,考察我国和各地区的生态农业需要具有全球视野,应当将农业碳汇/碳源的测度和评估纳入到生态农业综合评估体系中;2评估时应当把握好农业生产效率的提升与生态环境保护两者之间的关系;3重视对农业生态模式和类型的辨识;4以我国农业发展阶段特征作为指标体系设计的基石,避免直接移植国外文献中的指标体系;5注重综合评估的案例导向性,并结合多源异构数据的优势来提高评估准确度;6注重对生态农业发展和变迁情况的长期性、复杂性和综合性的考量,提高评估的空间尺度和时间跨度。

Based on the review of the literature since the new century, this article analyzes the concept and connotation of ecological agriculture. It summarizes the mainstream view of the concept of ecological agriculture, selection of evaluation indexes and its index system, which is summed up as ‘Economy-Environment-Society （EES） ＇ framework, as well as PSR, DSR models. By using statistics methods, this article compares the evaluation system established Chinese and foreign scholars and provided an overview of current research in the weight setting and technical route. Moreover, this article categories the existing empirical research work with agricultural characteristics, spatial scale, and time-unit selection. Comparatively, this study found that the assessment of ecological agriculture in domestic literature often choose index by their availability instead of logical linkage, rationality, and validity. Further, on the understanding of the concept of ecological agriculture, the existing evaluation system of ecological agriculture doesn＇ t genuinely understand of oil consumption, electricity consumption, especially in the presence of missing the important indirect environmental impact of carbon emissions. Finally, according to the problems in the existing literature, the article puts forward six suggestions ： ① Given the breadth and depth of global climate change impacts, agricultural carbon sink/source should be measured and added into such evaluation system. ②A better grasp of the relationship between agricultural production efficiency and ecological environment protection should be the principle of evaluation. ③ Researchers should pay more attention to the identification of ecological agricultural pattern and modes. ④Characteristics of China＇ s agricultural development stage need to be the cornerstone of the design of index system, which should not be transplanted directly from foreign literature. ⑤Researchers should focus on a more case-oriented evaluation and combine the advantages of the multi-source heterogeneous data source to improve the accuracy of the assessment. ⑥Researchers should concentrate on the long- term, complex and comprehensive of ecological agricultural development and improve the spatial scales and time span of the assessment.