少数民族聚集区乡村空间重构的影响机理——以新疆和田地区为例

Influencing factors of reconstructing the rural residential areas in minority area in Hotan,Xinjiang

乡村空间重构不仅是农村现代化的必由之路,还是实现土地集约利用的重要途径。和田地区,经济发展缓慢,其村庄基础设施差,而且由于人口迅速发展,其人地矛盾突出,因此对和田地区进行乡村空间重构势在必行。基于此,本文依据2015年对和田地区入户调查的1 162份问卷,选取了农户的个体特征、家庭特征、职业特征和居住环境特征四个方面的19个影响因素作为自变量,选取农户是否愿意整治作为因变量,运用二元Logistic模型对农户迁居至中心村的影响因素和迁居意愿进行了回归分析。对问卷的统计可知,有64%的被调查者表示接受整治。通过与其他区域的调查对比可知,经济越是发达的地区,其中心村整治的进展越快,农民接受整治的意愿也越强烈。相反,经济越不发达的地区,其中心村整治的进展越缓慢,农民接受搬迁的意愿越低。农户是否愿意接受乡村重构,是农户家庭特征、居民点的基础设施和农户的职业特征共同作用的结果。就农户的家庭特征来看,家庭劳动力数量偏少、家庭年收入越高、耕地面积适中的农户,其搬迁意愿是最强烈的。在农户的职业特征中,愿意参与土地流转、有外出务工经验的农户,其搬迁意愿是最强烈的。在环境特征中,若农户对居住环境和现居住村的建设越不满意、居住环境中需要改善的项目越多,农户的搬迁意愿越强烈。因此,对于和田地区来说,在引导居民集中居住的同时,要引导农户流转土地,促进更多人就业,积极推动特色农业的发展,走农业现代化的道路,以促进农民收入的持续增长。此外,农户对于整治的一个很重要的期望就是改善居住环境,因此在未来的村庄总体建设和规划中,应积极改善村庄内基础设施,并与居住建设同步进行。一直以来,对少数民族聚集区的乡村空间重构的研究比较少。本文对和田地区中心村的研究,是对少数民族地区乡村空间重构研究的重要补充。

The reconstruction of the rural residential areas is not only the way to modernize the rural areas, but also is the important way to realize the intensive utilization of land. Hotan region, which is slow in economic development and has the prominent contradiction between man and land because of the rapid increasing of population, is on the way of reconstructing the rural residential area. This paper is based on 1 162 household survey questionnaires in Hotan region in 2015 and chooses 19 factors from four categories which are named individual characteristic variables, family characteristics, professional characteristic variables, living environment characteristics as the independent variables. The paper uses peasants＇ willingness moving to the central village as the dependent variable and use the binary logistic model to have a regression analysis to the influence factors and the relocation willingness. Statistics of the questionnaire shows that 64% of respondents said they would like to accept reconstructing rural residential areas. Compared with other regions, results indicate that peasants in the less developed area are less likely to move than peasants in the relatively developed area. Peasants＇ willingness of reconstructing is based on the joint results of farm households, residential and the professional characteristic. The family with less labors, higher income and moderate cultivated land has higher willingness of reconstructing. In the same time, the peasant who would like to participate in land circulation and has the experience of being migrant workers will prefer to accept the reconstruction of rural residential area. Besides, if peasants are quite unsatisfied with the current living environment, they will also have higher willingness of reconstruction. Therefore, in the process of guiding peasants＇ reconstruction, the local government should guide peasants to have land circulation, promote more employment, promote the development of characteristic agriculture, and follow the path of agricultural modernization so as to promote sustained growth of peasants＇ income. In addition, one of the peasants＇ expectations for reconstruction is to improve the living environment. So in the process of overall planning and construction, the village infrastructure and residential construction should be actively improved. For a long time, there is less research on reconstruction of the rural residential areas in less developed areas. In this paper, the study of central village in Hotan region is important supplement to the reconstruction research in arid zone and the less developed areas.