社会进步标准的二维视角

Two Angles of Viewing the Criteria of Social Progress

一般认为生产力是社会进步的根本标准 ;近些年来 ,有的学者又提出人的发展是社会进步的最高标准。这两个标准关系如何 ,学术界一直争论不休。其实 ,马克思考察社会历史有主客体两个视角 ,应从两个视角的对立统一中把握社会进步标准。“生产力和社会关系这二者是社会的个人发展的不同方面” ,仅仅把生产力理解为历史尺度是片面的 ,还应当把它和人的本质、人的发展联系起来。长期以来 ,人们对人的标准在理解上存在着五个误区 :人的标准是主观的 ,而不是客观的 ;将人的标准误作生产关系标准 ;以偏概全 ,用伦理道德标准代替人的标准 ;用不属于人的标准的其他标准代替人的标准 ;将社会发展的代价说成是人的尺度。实质上 ,人的标准是一个综合性的标准 ,他包括人的各方面的需要的满足、人的各方面的能力的拓展、人的本质力量的增强。因此 ,不能将人的标准和生产关系标准、伦理道德标准或社会进步的代价混为一谈。

It is generally held that productive forces are the fundamental criterion of social progress. However, some scholars put forward recently that the development of people is the highest criterion of social progress. There has been a constant controversy over the relationship between the two criteria in the academic circles. In fact, Marx views social history from the two angles of subject and object and establishes the criteria of social progress from the unity of the two opposite angles. 'Productive forces and social relations are the two aspects of social personal development.' So it is lopsided to use only productive forces as the criterion and it should be combined with man's nature and development. This paper points out five errors in the people's understandings of the criteria of man's development and holds that the criteria are synthetic, which include man's satisfaction with all kinds of needs, the development of man's abilities and the enhancement of man's power of nature. Therefore they cannot be confounded with the criteria of relations of production, the criteria of ethics and morals or the cost for social progress.