析美国阴谋论的两种研究范式

An Analysis of the Two Paradigms on American Conspiracy Theory

亨廷顿提出的"反权力伦理"与霍夫施塔特提出的"神话—地位政治"是美国学者解读美国阴谋论的两种基本范式。前者将阴谋论的盛行当作美国政治制度优越性的隐性证明,后者强调阴谋论的反智主义与非理性色彩。"反权力伦理"范式的局限在于过于强调阴谋论发生机制中的理想主义成分,忽视了社会集团冲突在阴谋论流行过程中的作用。而"神话—地位政治"范式只关注于大众受少数社会集团操控的一面,折射出精英主义的偏见。反映现实世界权力关系的阴谋论不应以单一方式存在。只有通过对复杂权力关系的仔细梳理,以更为微观的视角为切入点,我们才有可能更加接近于认清阴谋论的运行机制。

The anti - power ethic proposed by Huntington and myth - status politics by Hofstadter are the two paradigms on Amer-ican conspiracy theory. The former considers the conspiracy theory as a proof of the superiority of American political system, whereas the latter focuses on the anti - intellectualism and irrationality. Huntington’s hypothesis,with its highlight on the Amer-ican creeds,ignores the role played by the conflicts of the social groups. Hofstadter’s theory,characterized by its elitism,over-emphasizes the passivity of mass man. The conspiracy theory,as a reflection of the complex power relations,does not exist in merely a single form. A more careful analysis and multiple micro - perspectives will cast a new light on the mechanism of the conspiracy theory.