民初国会政制研究中几个关键问题

Several Key Issues in Studies on Parliament Politics of the Early Republic of China Period

民初国会政治研究已奠定良好的基础,但仍有一些重要问题尚存思考余地。就"机运"而言,中国代议制国会的创建与构成其否定因素的"直接民主"观念为国人所认知同步,可谓生不逢时。从政体角度观察,在分权体制下《临时约法》赋予国会单方面制衡行政的诸多特权是否合宜,也成问题。民初政党发育不成熟,相互制衡的两大主流政党未能形成,难以支持国会及责任内阁制的正常运作。国会政治运作不成功,非尽关乎地方自治导致的政治"碎片化",民初地方自治体现的是一种"中央方向上的地方主义",并不一定构成国会政治的否定因素。真正对民初国会具有杀伤力的是国民党在"统一"名义下实施的一党专政,这种专政在"直接民主"幌子下实施,最终导致代议制国会严重畸变。

Despite the abundant researches on the Parliament Politics of the early Republic of China period, there is room for investigation. It was not a right historical moment for the representative parliament to be formed at the same time when the concept of ＂direct democracy＂ was identified and adopted in China. It was also a question whether the parliament had been granted too much power under the Provisional Constitution to check the executive branch of the government. At the beginning of Republican era, political environment was not mature enough for two major parties to emerge that could check and balance each other and sustain the normal operation of the parliament and the cabinet. The failure of Parliament politics was not merely the result of the political fragmentation caused by local autonomy, which had not necessarily become a negative element.The really destructive force was KMT＇s one-party authoritarian government in the name of ＂unification＂, whose ＂direct democracy＂ had contributed to the distortion of representative parliament.