占有保护理据的分析——兼评我国的乌木占有案

An Analysis of the Theoretical Basis of Possession Protection——a Review of the Ebony Case in China

占有制度先于民法制度,故占有保护的理据只能从民法之外寻找。古罗马法强调诚信、善意的占有主观元素;日耳曼法强调占有的外在功效。后世的大陆法系国家基本糅合了古罗马法和日耳曼法的占有制度特征,作为占有保护的外在理据。而占有保护的内在理据则植根于占有本身的人格拟制的特征,占有是占有主体的自由意志的实现,对占有的尊重与保护,就是对人格自由的保护,从而维护人与人之间相安无事、和睦共处的关系。占有保护内、外理据的深度考究,为我国今后占有制度的重构找到了厚实的理论依托,以"民权理念"替代"王权思想",淡化所有权的观念,规范占有的独立法律地位,构建"所有权-占有权"为中心的财产资源的配置结构,从而真正贯彻和落实我国《物权法》的"一体保护"原则。

Possession system is prior to the civil law system, so its theoretical basis can only be found outside the later. The ancient Roman law emphasizes subjective elements like honesty and goodwill; and the Germanic law emphasizes its external efficacy. The continental law system of later ages combines characteristics of the Roman law and the Germanic law as extrinsic theoretical basis of possession protection. And its intrinsic basis is rooted in its features of virtual personality: possession is the realization of the subject's free will and possession protection is the protection of his personality freedom and the maintenance of interpersonal harmony. The scrutiny of both extrinsic and intrinsic theoretical basis of possession system provides theoretical support for the reconstruction of our possession system. The substitution o'fkingship'by'civil rights', the desalination of the ownership concept, the specification of its independent legal status, and the construction of the'ownership-possession'oriented property configuration will truly carry out and implement the principle of integrated protection as stated in the Property Law.