墓志所见北魏秘著起家现象探研

On the First Founding System of the Mishu and Zhuzuo in the Northern Wei Dynasty from the Epitaph

六朝起家官明辨清浊,秘书郎和著作郎乃清官首望,素为甲第冠族独揽。北魏中叶贵族化运动继承摹仿,安排胡汉贵胄释褐秘著,出土墓志资料对此高调标榜,足可充当研究样本。北魏为秘著出身设定异常严苛的候选资格,只有世资旧令三品官爵以上的四姓膏腴之家方能入围。鉴于秘著解巾的崇高声望和坚挺效力,引发高门之间的激烈竞逐,导致任职者乡品超品与一品高下混淆。以宗室为首的代人勋贵呈现压倒中原旧族的绝对优势,凸显北魏的国家性质。秘著起家预示仕途飞黄腾达,首次迁转即破格提拔,最终官至显职,诱惑士族趋之若鹜。胡人大量秘著解褐还标志着文化水平的整体跃升,引领贵族时尚潮流的文史之学为其必备素养,这与南学北渐休戚相关。墓志反映的秘著起家现象是透视中古北方士族制度的重要窗口,也是解析北魏统治结构和身份等级序列的绝佳样本,其史料价值弥足珍贵。

The Mishu and Zhuzuo were the highest rank of the first founding official that was monopolized by the top family during the period of the six dynasties. The system was inherited by the Northern Wei dynasty and was faithfully recorded by the epitaphs. Only the family background of exceeding up the third rank could achieve the qualification. It was just the reputation and effect of the position that caused the fierce competition and led to confusion of the country grades. The Dai person group took the overwhelming advantage to the cen- tral plain gentry to ensure the state character. The Mishu and Zhuzuo first founding system indicated the bright future to attract the noblemen and the buns＇ improvement of the culture level.