郑和访问满剌加次数考证及评价——历史与环境分析的个案

Textual Research and Evaluation on Times of Zheng He's Visit to Malacca: History and Environmental Analysis

郑和下西洋期间究竟几次访问满剌加(今马来西亚马六甲州一带)?这一直是郑和研究中具有争议的问题。通过对马欢《瀛涯胜览》、费信《星槎胜览》、《明太宗实录》和《郑和航海图》等历史文献及太仓《通番事迹碑》、长乐《天妃灵应之记碑》等碑刻记载的比较,并结合马六甲海峡地理特征、季风活动规律和郑和船队航线、航程的考察,本文认为郑和七次下西洋都曾到访过满剌加国,最早抵达满剌加的时间应是明永乐四年(1406)一二月间。本文同时认为郑和到访满剌加的次数不仅反映了满剌加在下西洋过程的航海地位,而且对于明朝经略马六甲海峡地区,掌握东南亚地缘战略的主动权,促进满剌加国国际化转型起到了杠杆和催化剂的作用。

How many times Zheng He had visited Malacca,which has been a controversial issue in the study of Zheng He. Through the comparison of Ma Huan＇s Ying Yai Sheng Lan,Fei Xin＇s Xing Cha Sheng Lan,the Veritable Records of the Yongleemperor,Zheng He＇s Nautical Charts,and Inscriptions on a Tablet of Taicang City and Changle City,combined with the geographical features of the Malacca Strait,the regular pattern of the Malacca monsoon,the convoy route and range of Zheng He,We believe that Zheng He＇s seven voyages have visited Malacca,Earliest arrival time is between January and February in Yong le fourth year（ 1406）. Zheng He＇s visits to Malacca,not only reflects the navigation status of Malacca,but is conducive to seize the initiative in Southeast Asia geostrategy and has played the role of leverage and catalyst in promoting the transformation of the internationalization of Malacca.