病原微生物检测技术研究进展

Progress of pathogenic microorganism detection technology

病原微生物种类繁多,多可变异,可引起传染性疾病、食源性疾病等各种健康损害,与之相对应的各种病原微生物检测技术也在不断发展、创新以适应现代社会对医疗、疾控预防控制、食品检验等领域快速、准确诊断出病原微生物的要求。目前,病原微生物检测领域应用比较广泛的检测方法主要包括直接涂片镜检、分离培养与生化试验、免疫学方法中的酶联免疫分析技术、免疫磁珠分离技术等,分子生物学技术中的聚合酶链反应、核酸分子杂交技术、基因芯片技术等,代谢学技术中的ATP生物发光法、电阻抗技术、微热量计技术、放射测定技术等。但各种检测方法均有与之相对应的优缺点、检测范围、使用领域,需要基层微生物实验室的操作人员根据自身工作范围、实验室技术条件、人员技术层次优先选用对待检病原微生物特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速、结果容易判定的检测方法,或联合多种检测方法来提高传染病流行病学调查的效率、加快食源性疾病感染源的追溯以及正确分析院内感染的来源、了解药物耐药机制等。本文对上述检测技术做一简要综述。

A wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms can cause infectious diseases,food-borne diseases and other health damage,and the corresponding pathogenic microbial detection technology is also in constant development and innovation to adapt to the modern society of medical treatment,disease prevention and control,food inspection and other fields to quickly and accurately diagnose the pathogenic microorganisms. At present,the pathogenic microorganism detection methods which are widely used mainly include direct smear for microscopic examination,separation culture and biochemical tests,immunological methods of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay analysis techniques and immunomagnetic bead separation technology,molecular biology techniques of polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid molecular hybridization and gene chip technology, as well as the metabolomics technologies of ATP biological luminescence method,electrical impedance technology,microcalorimetry meter technique,and radiation measurement techniques. However,all kinds of detection methods have advantages and disadvantages,detection range,and use of basic microbiology laboratory. The operating personnel should select the detection methods with the disadvantages of high sensitivity,simple and quick,and easy to determine according to their working scope,laboratory technical conditions,and technical level. Meanwhile,it is important to combine with various detection methods to improve the efficiency of the epidemiological investigation of infectious diseases,rapidly identify the infection source of food-borne disease,analyze the source of nosocomial infection,and understand the mechanism of drug resistance. In this paper,a brief overview of the above detection technology is made.