第二国际的理论冲突与实践困惑探源

A Study of the Theoretical Conflict and the Practice Confusion of the Second International

在政治革命条件逐渐成熟的背景下,第二国际中后期的社会主义运动反而出现理论与实践之间的外在冲突和内在紧张局面,并集中表现在各社会党制订党纲时的形势研判、组织形式、斗争策略以及发展目标等问题的讨论甚至争论中。恩格斯晚年对科学社会主义作了更具历史唯物主义高度的论证,但后继的正统马克思主义者在用他的理论对抗修正主义时并未取得足以影响现实运动的效果。相反,伯恩施坦却通过本质性批判马克思主义,为改良主义的政治革命路径赢得了实践空间。马克思主义正统派未能成功地将科学社会主义转化为各国无产阶级政党领导政治革命实践的科学观念,使马克思主义被各种机会主义任性曲解。

Under the background of the gradually-matured conditions for political revolution,socialist movement of the second international in its later period witnessed instead the external conflict and internal tensions between theory and practice,which demonstrated in the discussion or debate concerning the judgments of situation,forms of organization,tactics of struggle and development goals in every socialist political parties.Engels made more arguments of historical materialism height in scientific socialism in his later years.But Bernstein won the practice space for the reformism path of political revolution by his criticism of Marxism in essence.The orthodox school of Marxism has not succeeded in transforming the scientific socialism into the practical idea leading the political revolution of the proletarian political party of all countries,and,as a result,Marxism has been distorted by all sorts of opportunism.