不同施肥模式对南方红壤旱地春玉米生物学特性的影响

Effects of different fertilization modes on biological characteristics of spring maize in red soil upland in southern China

以当地常规施肥模式为对照,研究了不同施肥模式(常规施肥加有机肥全层施用、常规施肥加有机肥穴施和常规施肥加钾肥)对南方红壤旱地春玉米干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:各处理春玉米叶片叶绿素相对含量大小顺序为常规施肥加有机肥穴施>常规施肥加有机肥全层施用>常规施肥加钾肥>常规施肥;单株叶面积和叶面积指数大小顺序均为常规施肥加有机肥穴施>常规施肥加有机肥全层施用>常规施肥加钾肥>常规施肥;各个主要生育时期,常规施肥加有机肥全层施用和常规施肥加有机肥穴施处理植株根系干重均显著(P<0.05)高于其他处理;拔节期、抽雄期和成熟期,常规施肥加有机肥穴施处理植株茎和叶干重均显著(P<0.05)高于其他处理;不同处理0~20cm土壤含水量均高于对照,其大小顺序为常规施肥加有机肥穴施>常规施肥加有机肥全层施用>常规施肥加钾肥>常规施肥;常规施肥加有机肥穴施处理穗长、行粒数、每穗粒数和百粒重均显著高于(P<0.05)对照;玉米产量大小顺序为常规施肥加有机肥穴施>常规施肥加有机肥全层施用>常规施肥加钾肥>常规施肥,常规施肥加有机肥全层施用、常规施肥加有机肥穴施和常规施肥加钾肥处理的籽粒产量分别比对照增加6.59%、25.40%和3.32%。总之,有机肥穴施有利于增加春玉米地下和地上部物质积累量、增加籽粒产量和提高水分利用效率,可在生产上推广应用。

The effects of different fertilization modes on dry matter accumulation and yield of spring maize in red soil upland were studied by conducting plot field trial. The treatments were conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer （T1）, conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer with hole application （T2）, conventional fertilization ＋ potassium （T3） and conventional fertilization only （CK）. The results showed that： The SPAD of leaves ol spring maize under different fertilization modes were conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer with hole application~ conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer〉 conventional fertilization ＋ potassiumS〉 conventional fertilization^And the leaf area per plant and leaf area index of spring maize were conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer with hole application^conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer〉 conventional fertilization ＋ potassiumS〉conventional fertilization~ The dry weight of root under conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer and conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer with hole application treatments are heavier than that under other treatment; Plants under conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer with hole application treatment displayed the largest dry weight of both stem and leaves at jointing stage, heading stage and maturing stage,The results indicated that organic fertilizer with hole application significantly increased the ear length,kernel number, number of grains in an ear and lO0-grains weight than that of the conventional fertilization. The grain yield of spring maize with different fertilization modes were conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer with hole application~ conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer~ conventional fertilization ＋ potassium conventional fertilization. Meanwhile,the grain yield of spring maize with conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer used to the whole plough layer, conventional fertilization ＋ organic fertilizer with hole application and conventional fertilization ＋ potassium were increased by 6.59 % ,25.40 % and 3.32 %, respectively, compared with the conventional fertilization. The results clearly demonstrated that the dry matter accumulation,grain yield of spring maize and water use efficiency were significantly promoted by applying organic fertilizer with holing, which was the best choice for spring maize production.