中古时期蒙古人的另一种祖先蒙难叙事——“七位幸免于难的脱险者”传说解析

An Alternative Narrative on the Escape of Ancestors of the Mongols in Middle Antiquity:An Analysis of the Tradition of the“Seven Survivors”

目前学术界在讨论蒙古祖先传说时最关注的材料之一,即拉施特《史集》所叙述的两男两女蒙难逃生,避居额尔古涅—昆山岭的传说。然而,《史集》所重构的上述历史叙事决非13世纪前后的蒙古人中间所流行的唯一祖先蒙难记忆文本。实际上,《元典章》、柏朗嘉宾行记、埃及马木鲁克王朝史学家伊本·达瓦达利的著作均记载了与之有别的另一种祖先蒙难叙事,其核心内容甚至还见于16世纪察合台语编年史《选史——胜利之书》中。这一主题的起源可以追溯到11世纪成书的《记述的装饰》中,通过对该型故事的研究,有助于我们全面地认知并复原13—14世纪蒙古人群体中所保持的关于祖先起源的历史记忆。

The Jāmi'al Tavārīkh(Collection of Histories)compiled by Rashīd al-Dīn has been a central text in the current academic debate on the ancestral tradition of the Mongols.It records that two men and two women sought refuge in the Erguneer-Kunshan Tunnel after escaping a disaster.However,the historical narrative reconstructed in the Jāmi'al Tavārīkhis definitely not the only c.13 ^(th) century retelling of the Mongols' memories of the disaster encountered by their ancestors.In fact,alternative narratives of this episode are recorded not only in the Institutions of the Yuan Dynasty(元典章Yuan Dian Zhang),the travel notes of Jean de Plan Carpin and the work of the Egyptian Mamlūk historian Ibn ad-Dawādārī,but also in Tārīx-i Guzīda-Nusratnāma(Selected Histories:The Book ofh Victory),a 16 t century chronicle in the Chagatai language.The origins of this story can be traced back to the 11^(th) century Zayn al-Akhbār(The Ornament of Histories).Research on this narrative will help us to better understand and restore the collective historical memory of their ancestors' origin preserved by the Mongols in the 13^(th) and the 14^(th) centuries.