《说文》“艱”字籀文、“難”字古文考

An Explanation on ＂ZhouWen＂（ 籀文 ） of ＂Jian＂（ 艱 ） and ＂GuWen＂（ 古文 ） of＂Nan＂（難） of＂Shuowen＂ （ 《说文》 ）

古文字中存在一形表示多词的现象,其中一种情况是既表示具体的事物,又表示跟事物相关的抽象概念,后来才采用改变笔画或加区别符号的方式把它们分化开来。本文据此指出,“壴”象鼓形,也是一形表示多词,表示具体的事物是“壴（鼓）”,表示抽象的概念是“豈（凱）”,后来采用略改变笔画的方式分化出“壴（鼓）”“豈（凱）”二字。《说文》“難”字古文“”、“艱”字籀文“囏”所从之“壴”“喜”都是“豈”之异体,在二字中都作声符。“”所从之“壴”是未分化的“壴（豈）”字。“囏”之“喜”旁所从之“口”既可能是羡符,也可能是区别符号。如果是前者,则是未分化的“壴（豈）”字;如果是后者,则是已分化的“喜（豈）”字。

There is a phenomenon that a character represents multiple words. One of the facts is that it represents both specific things and related abstract concepts. It could be distinguished from each other by changing the strokes or adding to marks later. According to the theory, this paper argues that the character ＂Gu＂（壴 ） represented both the word drum（ 鼓 , specific thing） and the word triumphal（ 凱 , abstract concept）, and the character ＂Kai＂（凱 ） was created by changing the strokes which could be distinguished from the character ＂Gu＂（壴）. There were two characters ＂Nan＂（難 ） and ＂Jian＂（ 難 ） which was one of the ＂Zhou Wen＂（ 難文 ） and ＂GuWen＂（難文 ） in ＂Shuowen＂（ 《说文》 ） respectively. The radicals of the two characters ＂Qi＂（ 壴 ） and ＂Qi＂（喜） are both the variants of ＂Qi＂（ 壴 ）and the sound radicals in the two characters.