上海城市形态变化的空间分析及成因探索

Shanghai Urban Morphology Changes: a GIS-based Spatial Analysis and Influential Factor Exploration

特定的城市空间形态是各种内外因素长期相互作用的结果.研究对比不同时期的城市形态结构变化,是探索社会经济动因的一个重要方面.以上海城市空间形态作为研究对象,利用5幅具有代表性的不同历史时期地图,采用ARCGIS软件进行空间分析,分别计算了上海在100年期间城市空间的扩展速度与扩展方位,以及城市空间形状的紧凑度指数与分形维数,综合研究上海城市空间形态的历史演变过程,并分析其中的社会变革等因素的影响.研究发现上海建成区的发展分为两个阶段：1884~1978年为上海城市的低速扩展阶段,战乱动荡时期城市发展相对缓慢;1978~1987年为高速扩展阶段,改革开放让上海的经济发展和城市建设有了很大的提升.因此,城市的空间形态演变过程与城市的社会变革因素是密切相关的.

A specific urban morphological structure reflects the dynamic equilibrium of all forces at the point of time. These socioeconomic forces may be explored through the analysis of urban morphological changes over time. Taking the city of Shanghai as a case study,five urban spatial morphology as the research object,based on five representative maps of the different historical periods and supported by ARCGIS software for spatial analysis,the paper calculated the Shanghai urban spatial expansion speed and expansion,the compactness and fractal dimension,analyzed the historical evolution of urban morphological structure in Shanghai and the socioeconomic forces. The study found： from 1884 to 1987,the development of Shanghai built-up areas can be divided into two stages： One stage was low speed expansion period from 1884 to 1978. The city developed slowly because of the wars. The other stage was rapid expansion period from 1978 to 1987. The reform and opening up improved economic development and urban construction. Therefore,urban morphological structure is related with socioeconomic forces.