清末民初初等小学课程变迁考——以历史、地理、格致科为中心

On the Curriculum changes in Lower Primary School in Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China

1904年,清政府仿照日本学制,颁布《奏定学堂章程》,将历史、地理与格致科纳入中国初等小学课程体系。以京师为例,初小"三科"课程实施初具规模;然国情日艰,民基不稳,为配合预备立宪推广教育之旨,1909年学部上奏将"三科"一并纳入国语科。学部此次"己酉改制"实为宏济艰难,一开始便受到教育人士的质疑与诟病;1922年新学制将"三科"以自然科与社会科的形式重新纳入初小课程,这不仅是对教育规律与受教育者的尊重,也是中国新式教育逐步本土化的体现。

Influenced by Japanese school system,the Guimao education system promulgated in 1904 by Late Qing Board of Education put History,Geography and Science into lower primary school curricular system.The implementation of these three subjects in lower primary schools began to take shape in Beijing. However,since the country was on the edge of a precipice and people lived under difficult conditions,the Board of Education of Qing dynasty decided to put these three subjects（ History,Geography and Science） into Literature. This reform was criticized by educators for its aim to alleviate the country＇s pressure instead of the development of education. After the new school system was introduced in 1922,these three subjects were assigned to Nature and Society,showing a respect for the law of education and a localization of Chinese modern education.