鲜杏采后病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选研究

Identification of Postharvest Pathogens and Screening of Fungicides for Fresh Apricot in Xinjiang

【目的】确定新疆杏采后病害的主要病原菌并筛选有效防治药剂。【方法】采集新疆伊犁、库车、喀什等地的李光杏、小白杏、色买提杏等鲜杏品种,在室温或4℃条件下贮藏,对贮藏期采后病害的病原菌进行分离鉴定,针对主要病原菌进行室内药剂筛选。【结果】引起新疆三种鲜杏采后果实病害的病原菌有:粉红聚端孢霉(Trichothecium roseum)、链格孢霉(Alternaria alternata)、黑根霉(Rhizopus nigricans)、青霉(Penicillium freguentans)、灰葡萄孢霉(Botrytis cinerea)、毛霉(Mucor spp.)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus spp.)等9种真菌,其中黑根霉、灰葡萄孢霉、链格孢霉、青霉和粉红聚端孢霉为主要病原菌。精油A 1 000倍液对所有供试病原菌都有很强的抑菌效果,其对青霉、灰葡萄孢霉、链格孢霉、黑根霉、毛霉、镰刀菌的抑菌率均为100%,对黑曲霉的抑菌率也达97.87%。4℃贮藏条件下,精油A 500倍液和1 000倍液处理的鲜杏贮藏25 d时,杏果实发病率分别为0%、1.67%,贮藏32 d后,精油A 500倍液和1 000倍液处理的鲜杏发病率分别为10%、20%,精油A 500倍液和1 000倍液处理可显著延长4℃条件下鲜杏的贮藏时间。【结论】黑根霉、灰葡萄孢霉、链格孢霉、青霉和粉红聚端孢霉为新疆鲜杏采后贮期主要病原菌,精油A可作为鲜杏采后病害的有效防治药剂。

【Objective】To determine the main pathogens of postharvest disease of Xinjiang apricot and screen out the effective control agents. 【Method】We collected Liguang apricot from Yili,small white apricot from Kuche,Semeti apricot from Kashi,then they were Stored at room temperature or 4℃,Isolated and identified Postharvest pathogens were isolated and identified from apricots during storage period,and fungicides were screened to main pathogens in our laboratory.【Result】There were 9 kinds of fungi caused by postharvest disease in three kinds of fresh apricot in Xinjiang,these fungi were Trichothecium roseum,Alternaria alternata,Rhizopus nigricans,Penicillium freguentan,Botrytis cinerea,Mucor spp,Aspergillus flavus,Fusarium oxysporum,Aspergillus spp. The major pathogenic fungi were Rhizopus nigricans,Botrytis cinerea,Penicillium freguentans,Alternaria alternata,Trichothecium roseum. Antifungic experiment in PDA indicated that the essential oil A 1,000 times liquid had strong antifungic effect on all the tested pathogens,the inhibition rate of essential oil of 1,000 times liquid on Alternaria alternata,Rhizopus nigricans,Penicillium freguentans,Botrytis cinerea）,Mucor spp,Fusarium oxysporum was 100%. The inhibition rate of essential oil A 1,000 times liquid on Aspergillus spp was 97. 87%. The results of control experiment to main postharvest disease on apricots showed that the incidence rate of apricot fruit stored for 25 days was 0% and 1. 67%,respectively when used essential oil A 500 times of liquid and 1,000 times of liquid deal with fresh apricot stored at 4 ℃. The incidence rate of apricot fruit stored for 32 days was 10% and 20% respectively when used essential oil A 500 times of liquid and 1,000 times of liquid to deal with fresh apricot,the storage time of apricot fruit stored at4℃ could be prolonged significantly when it was treated with essential oil A 500 times of liquid and 1,000 times of liquid. 【Conclusion】The major postharvest pathogenic fungi of fresh apricot in Xinjiang were Rhizopus nigricans,Botrytis cinerea,Penicillium freguentans,Alternaria alternate and Trichothecium roseum. Essential oil can be used as an effective control agent for postharvest diseases of fresh apricot.