不同灌溉方式下冬小麦和春小麦施肥现状与评价

Evaluation and Present Situation of Fertilization for Winter Wheat and Spring Wheat under Different Irrigation Methods in Qitai County,Xinjiang

【目的】研究奇台县滴灌与漫灌小麦的施肥状况,分析和评价冬小麦和春小麦施肥状况,为奇台县小麦合理施肥提供依据。【方法】采用实地调查将重点调查和抽样调查相结合的方法。【结果】54.2%和42.2%的农户分别选择尿素和磷酸二铵进行秋施肥,100%的农户选择磷酸二铵作种肥,100%的农户选择尿素作追肥。滴灌冬小麦的产量比漫灌冬小麦提高5.74%,而滴灌冬小麦的N、P_2O_5、K_2O用量分别比漫灌冬小麦增加20.19%、9.17%、30%;滴灌春小麦的产量比漫灌春小麦提高14.32%,而滴灌春小麦的N、P_2O_5、K_2O用量分别比漫灌春小麦增加18.21%、31.87%、127.96%。滴灌冬小麦和春小麦的追肥次数主要集中在3~5次,而漫灌冬小麦和春小麦的追肥次数主要集中在1~2次。滴灌冬小麦比漫灌冬小麦增收592元/hm2,而滴灌春小麦比漫灌春小麦增收1 314元/hm^2,但滴灌冬小麦的纯收益高于滴灌春小麦。【结论】施肥品种单一,主要以尿素和磷酸二铵为主;氮磷钾配比不协调,较少施用钾肥;滴灌小麦的施肥量和施肥次数都大于漫灌小麦,同时产量和纯收益也都好于漫灌小麦,但部分农户施肥量过大。

【Objective】The project aim to analyze and evaluate the present situation of fertilization for winter wheat and spring wheat under drip and flood irrigation in order to provide the basis for rational fertilization of wheat in Qitai County in Xinjiang. 【Method】The data were collected from the farmers by face- to-face interviews,using key investigation and sampling methods. 【Result】Urea and diammonium phosphate were selected from 54. 2% and 42. 2% of households for autumn fertilization,respectively. Diammonium phosphate was selected for seed manure and urea was selected for top dressing by all households. Compared with winter wheat under flood irrigation,yield of winter wheat under drip irrigation was increased by 5. 74%,and N,P2O5,K2 O amount of winter wheat under drip irrigation was increased by 20. 19%,9. 17%,30%,respectively. Compared with spring wheat under flood irrigation,yield of spring wheat under drip irrigation was increased by 14. 32%,and N,P2O5,K2 O amount of spring wheat under drip irrigation was increased by18. 21%,31. 87%,127. 96%,respectively. Topdressing times of winter wheat and spring wheat mainly concentrated in 3- 5 times under drip irrigation,and topdressing times of winter wheat and spring wheat mainly concentrated in 1- 2 times under flood irrigation. Winter wheat under drip irrigation was increased 592 yuan /hm2 more than winter wheat under flood irrigation,and spring wheat under drip irrigation was increased 1314 yuan / hm2 more than spring wheat under flood irrigation,but net income of winter wheat was higher than that of spring wheat under drip irrigation. 【Conclusion】The fertilizers used were few,mainly urea and diammonium phosphate. The ratio of N,P and K was not reasonable,and K fertilizer application rate was lower. And fertilizer application rates and times of wheat under drip irrigation were more than wheat under flood irrigation,while yield and net income were also better than wheat under flood irrigation,but some farmers used excessive fertilization.