长安地区北朝金铜佛像形制与铸造技术特征

The Types and Casting Technique Features of the Bronze Buddhist Statues of the Northern Dynasties Period in the Chang'an Region

长安地区早在十六国时期已有金铜佛像传入。长安地区北朝金铜佛像有圆雕、背屏式、板式造像三类,其中背屏式占绝大多数。造像技术有范铸法和失蜡法两种,至迟在北魏末期的530年前后,长安地区已经出现了成熟的失蜡法技术铸造佛像;至迟在北魏太和年间,长安地区已经出现了范铸法铸造的金铜佛像。部分出土或馆藏的北朝金铜造像为20世纪初期伪制,必须进行甄别。

As early as in the Sixteen-Kingdoms Period （304-439 AD）, bronze Buddhist statues have been introduced into the Chang＇an region. The bronze Buddhist statues of the Northern Dynasties Period can be classified into the freestanding statues, back screen-style statues and panel-shaped statues, and the back screen-style ones took the bulk. The casting techniques of these statues included mold casting and lost- wax casting： at latest in 530 AD, which was at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Buddhist statues made by mature lost-wax casting technique have appeared in Chang＇an region. However, some ＂bronze Buddhist statues of the Northern Dynasties＂ unearthed or collected in museums were replicas or fakes made in the early 20th century, which must be identified.