从墓葬统计资料考察两周女性贵族间等级关系及变迁

Hierarchic Relationship among Female Nobility during Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasties and Its Changes Surveyed from the Burial Statistics

两周随葬青铜礼乐器制度以一种形式上的平等将女性贵族接纳到礼器使用范畴中,她们又依据其配偶身份之尊卑而使用相应层阶的随葬器物组合。等级差异是女性贵族随葬青铜礼乐器制度的最大特征,女性的参与也从物质层面体现了周文化礼乐制度伦理化的一面。诸侯之夫人、大夫之命妇、士之妻依据身份地位的高低使用着不同层阶的随葬器物组合,因为同样的理由,妾之墓葬在青铜礼乐器随葬组合层阶方面也和正妻间存在着一个必然的等差。考古资料不仅印证了文献中女性贵族间等级关系相关记述,同时也补足了文献中有关女性贵族间等级关系及变迁的一些空白。许多制度的变迁都是从女性墓葬开始的,表现了女性贵族是两周礼制社会中最活跃的阶层,这一特征在低等级女性贵族墓葬上有更突出的表现。东周后期夫妇合葬墓双方对一套青铜礼乐器的共同拥有,从物质层面体现财产所有制的变迁,同时也显示了社会基本构成已经由大家族向小家庭转换。

In the dynasties of Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou, the funerary system of bronze ritual and musicalinstruments admitted noble women into the rank of ritual instruments users by the kind of formal equality. Noblewomen’s forms of funerary objects were depended on the social position of their husbands. Women participation reflectsthe ethical side of system of rites and music from material level in the Zhou Dynasty, and social class difference is themost important feature of the noble women funerary system of bronze ritual and musical instruments. The duchess, titledmadam, and wife of ‘SHI’ are different from each other with different levels of funerary objects according to theirsocial class, as well as difference between concubine and official wife. Archaeological data not only confirm somehistory records on the hierarchical relationship between noble women, but also make up some blanks in the literatureon the hierarchical relationship and changes between the noble women. Many changes of the funerary system of bronzeritual and musical instruments in Zhou culture begin with the female tombs. It means that noble women are the mostdynamic class in Zhou society, which have more outstanding performance in lower level noble women’s tomb. In thelater stage of Eastern Zhou Dynasty, tomb of the couple in different rooms shared a set of bronze ritual and musicalinstruments, and they reflect the changes in property ownership from material level, and the basic unit of the societytransformed from big family to smaller family.