论清代中央对钦差大臣的管理措施

On the Administration of the Imperial Envoy by the Central Government of Qing Dynasty

钦差大臣的特殊政治身份和地位容易滋生腐败、渎职等犯罪行为,为了加强对这类特殊职官队伍的管理,维护皇权的权威,实现政治清明,清代中央针对钦差大臣制定了一系列的管理措施。主要包括对钦差大臣随从人员的数量、职权、行为等作了明确规定,明令禁止钦差及其随从索贿或过度干预地方事务;对钦差大臣出行的交通工具、驿站的接待规格与服务内容等也有详细规定,简化钦差出行的排场,减少铺张浪费;钦差与地方官共同处理问题,需要联名向皇帝奏报,朝廷对钦差与地方官的署名排序问题同样有细致的要求,以规范朝廷文书,避免官员之间的矛盾;根据钦差担负任务的差异,对钦差外出的关防印信是否需要颁给、何时颁给、何人掌管、如何使用等也有严格要求;钦差巡视军营要按照皇帝巡营的仪式进行,以加强皇权对军队的影响;钦差被派往地方还有职责收集所见所闻,特别是留心地方吏治,及时发现影响朝廷统治的各种不安定因素,及时反馈给朝廷,帮助朝廷掌握官员品行、民风民俗等。这些措施是清朝统治者为巩固统治地位,加强廉政制度建设的努力和尝试,一定程度上起到了规范官员行为、杜绝贪污腐败的作用,对现实社会具有借鉴意义。

The special political status of the Imperial Envoy can easily produce criminal behavior, such ascorruption and misconduct etc.. In order to strengthen the administration of such special officials, preserve the imperialpower and realize the political clearance, the central government of Qing Dynasty made a series of management ,including specified the number、rights and action, etc. of the attendants of the Imperial Envoy, prohibited extortingbribes and intervening the local affairs excessively. It also regulated the traffic vehicle、reception and service item of thepost; simplified the ostentation of going out of the imperial envoy, reducing waste; when the imperial envoy and thelocal officials dealt with affairs together ,they should report to the emperor jointly. The government also made a detailrequirement of the rank order to standard the government document and avoid the contradiction between the officials.According to the task difference between the imperial envoys, the government also had strict request of whether it isnecessary to confer official seal, when and who, how to use. The ceremony of tour the military camp should go on likethe emperor’s to strengthen the influence of the imperial power, when the imperial envoy went to the local, they alsohad the duty of collecting what they had seen and heard, especially the official management, finding the insecure factorand giving feedback to the government,which help the central government master the official’s character and socialconditions and public opinion. By these management, the rulers of Qing Dynasty made efforts and trials to consolidateits dominant position and strengthen the construction of a clean government. It played a role in specifying the officialbehavior、putting an end to corruption to a certain extent, which was useful to the real society.