南宋到元朝的社会变迁:以家族观念为中心的考察

The Social Transition from Southern Song Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty: My Survey Centered on Family Concept

家族观念的变化是社会变迁的直接反映。从南宋到元朝传世的家规、家范等材料来看,这一时期的家族观念发生了明显的变化。首先,与地方社会密切相关的乡邻、邻族、游士和地方官府等内容,逐步纳入家族观念,反映了家族发展与地方社会关系日益密切的趋势。其次,南宋关注较多的家族人身、财产的安全问题,到元朝已经较少关注,表明家族对地方社会控制的增强。最后,祭祀和家礼更加受到重视,家族礼制的制度化是南宋到元朝家庭观念发展的表现。这种家庭观念的发展趋势反映了当时家族生活的变化,如家庭生活的圈子从家族到宗族的嬗变、家庭秩序维护的方式从训诫到制度建构的嬗变、对家族子弟培养的多元化、家族对女性成员从关防到控制等。这种家庭生活的变迁是当时社会环境发展变化的反映,直接反映了这一时期的社会变迁。

The changes of the concept of family reflect the social transition directly. By studying the familyregulations and family models, we have known that the family concept changed in Southern Song Dynasty to YuanDynasty, which are listed as follows： 1） the affairs of local society were paid more attentions to in the end of thistimes; 2） the sense of safety about the family people and their property were paid less attentions to in the end of thistimes, reflecting the family had more powerful ability to control the local society; 3） the sacrifice to gods and ancestorsand the domestic discipline were more and more important in this time; 4） the system of the family administrationswere built to manage the family and the clan. The reasons of these changes are the transition of the social situationsand the people’s live-style in Southern Song Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty.