赤水河上游水质时空特征分析及其污染源解析

Sources of water pollution and their spatiotemporal variations in the upper reach of the Chishui River

选取赤水河上游流域5个监测断面开展2010—2012年丰水期(7月份)、平水期(10月份)、枯水期(1月份)的水质时空分析,并借助单因子水质标识指数法和多元统计分析方法识别水质时空分布特征,并对其进行污染源解析,为赤水河上游流域管理提供一定的理论依据.结果表明:1)赤水河上游流域丰水期、枯水期、平水期水质结果差异并不明显.2)茅台站污染最严重,其NH_4^+-N和粪大肠菌群水质指标均超出水环境功能区要求,其余各监测断面水质指标均达标.3)选取丰水期进行污染源解析,其主要污染源为农田径流面源污染,其次是煤矿源和白酒工业源污染,主要污染物有高锰酸盐指数、粪大肠菌群、BOD_5和COD_(Cr).研究可为赤水河上游水环境治理制定针对性措施并提供决策依据.建议流域发展高效生态农业,提高污水处理率,并重视白酒生产厂排出的污水对水质的影响.

Water quality at five monitoring stations in the upper reach of the Chishui River in the flood season （July ）, dry season （January ） and average season （October ） in 2010—2012 was analyzed for spatiotemporal patterns.Spatiotemporal variations in water quality were analyzed;pollution sources were identified coupling utilization of single factor water quality identification index and multivariate analysis.This will provide some theoretical basis for water management in the upper reach of the Chishui River.It was found that the water quality in flood,dry and average seasons were rather similar.Water quality at Maotai station was the most polluted,HN＋4-N and fecal coliforms all exceeded standard for water environment function area. Water quality at other monitoring station satisfies the standard of water environment function area,Data indicated that pollution was mainly from agricultural runoff of non-point source,coal and liquor in flood seasons. The primary pollutants were potassium permanganate index, fecal coliforms, BOD5 , CODCr . Corresponding measures can be taken according to pollution source. Renovation of water environment, development of ecological agriculture,improvement of the wastewater treatment efficiency,and increased recognition of discharge of liquor factory were highlighted from watershed management perspectives.