试论中国古代工商业及其经济权力官有制

On the Industry and Commerce and the Official System of Economic Power in Ancient China

春秋以前,实行"工商食官"制度,国王及其官吏阶级垄断了全部工商业和工商经济权力,是一种极端的工商业及其经济权力官有制。春秋以来,直至清末,虽然废除"工商食官",官吏阶级却通过严密复杂、无所不包和无限的极权主义政府管制,垄断主要工商业和近乎全部工商业经济权力。这种对工商业极权主义政府管制之核心,就是赋予官营工商业——官府国营工商业和官吏私营工商业——垄断地位和种种特权,抑制打压乃至公开掠夺民营工商业,从而导致民营工商业萎缩而效率低下的官营工商业却一直居于主导地位。

Before the Spring and Autumn Period,China enforced a system called ‘Industry and Commerce Serving the Government＇,under which the King and its governmental officers monopolized the whole industry and commerce as well as its economic power. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the late Qing Dynasty,although the governmental officers abolished the system,they monopolized the main industry and commerce and almost the total economic powers by complicated,all-inclusive and limitless governmental regulation of totalitarianism. The core of the regulation was to give the state-running industry and commerce a monopolized status and various privileges,and to suppress or even rob the private industry and commerce,so that the latter declined and the inefficient state-running industry and commerce was always in the dominant position.