水产养殖的经济效益与环境影响——池塘罗非鱼不同养殖模式的比较

Economic Profit and Environmental Impact of Aquaculture: Comparison of Different Modes of Tilapia Pond Culture

中国水产养殖业的长期快速发展是一把双刃剑,既增加了农民收入,也带来了严重的内源性污染。为了减少水产养殖的污染,以生命周期为基础,通过能量守恒法与养分平衡法确定水产养殖的环境影响,而后探讨不同养殖模式下的传统经济学与环境经济学视角下的成本收益差异。结果显示:多种鱼类共存的混养模式环境成本最低,单养模式较之略高,立体养殖模式下的环境成本远远高于前两种养殖模式。两种视角下的成本收益率,混养模式最高,单养模式次之,立体养殖模式最低。因此,推广合理搭配的多种鱼类共生的混养模式;集中处理单养模式下的养殖污染;增加立体养殖模式下污染分解与过滤环节,实现塘内养分与农地共享,减少养殖环境污染,增加收益。

The gains of quick development of aquaculture in the past thirty years are great economic profits and heavy endogenous pollution. The study of environmental impacts in different aquaculture is important and valuable as well as economic profits. Energy conservation law and nutrient balance approach are employed to analyze the environmental impacts of a life cycle in aquaculture. Differences of economic benefits and environmental cost in aquaculture modes indicate that environmental cost of polyculture is the lowest, that of monoculture mode a little higher, that of integrated culture mode the highest. Cost and benefit analysis with or without environmental cost does not change the order of profit rate in the three culture modes： profit rate of polyculture is the highest and that of integrated culture is the lowest. Measures of reducing aquaculture pollution need to be taken especially in the latter two culture modes, such as polyculture dissemination or construction wetland or woodland to assimilate the surplus nutrition in monoculture and integrated culture.