摘要
Background： Physical activity （PA） includes muscle activity during exercise, manual work, and leisure time activities including sport. Conflicting results exist regarding health effects of PA that may deteriorate with manual work and elite sports, but improve when performed in moderation in accordance with international guidelines and may additionally enhance well-being and productivity. Methods： In Denmark 15 randomized controlled trials have been conducted, introducing exercise at the workplace enrolling 〉3500 workers. The interventions lasted from 10 to 52 weeks and offered -1 h weekly supervised exercise during working hours according to the concept of intelligent physical exercise training （IPET） that is based on evidenced sports sciences training principles and tailored to work exposure, employee health status, and physical capacity. Questionnaire surveys and health checks including blood and muscle sampling were performed at baseline and follow-up. The job groups included： office and computer workers, dentists, industrial technicians, cleaning personnel, health care workers, construction workers, and fighter/helicopter pilots. Results： In all job groups significant improvements were documented regarding health outcomes. These were job group specific： neck pain was reduced among office and computer workers, dentists, industrial laboratory technicians, health care workers as well as fighter pilots. Cardio- respiratory fitness--a health risk indicator for cardio-metabolic diseases--was improved among office and computer workers, health care workers, and construction workers. Additionally, other improvements were evidenced such as increased muscle strength and balance control. Importantly, productivity increased with improved muscle strength and decreased body mass index. Conclusion： IPET does enhance health if an exercise program with evidenced efficacy is implemented by expert trainees with support of the employer. Accordingly, in every study group outcomes of improved health were documented and the effect sizes were of clinical relevance. Cost effectiveness estimates indicate acceptable cost relative to savings on health expenses and lost productivity.
背景:体力活动包括运动中的肌肉活动、体力工作以及包含体育锻炼在内的闲暇活动。关于体力活动对健康的影响存在相互矛盾的研究结果,因为体力活动水平可能由于机械化的发展和竞技体育而下降,但如果依照国际运动推荐量进行运动可能会提高上班族幸福感及工作效率。方法:在丹麦已经进行15项随机对照试验,对不同工作场所中招募的3500余名员工进行运动锻炼实验。干预持续时间为10-52周,并根据"智能运动训练"(IPET)概念于工作时间提供每周1小时监督锻炼。IPET这一概念建立于体育科学训练原则证据基础上,并根据工作范围、员工健康状况和身体能力特别制定。在基线期和随访期进行问卷调查和体检(血液与肌肉取样)。受试者职业类型包括:办公室文员和计算机从业人员、牙科医生、工业技师、清洁工人、医护人员、建筑工人、战斗机,直升机飞行员。结果:所有研究组健康水平均有显著提高,具体表现为:办公室文员和计算机从业人员、牙科医生、工程师、医护人员、飞行员的颈部疼痛减少;办公室和计算机工作者、医护人员和建筑工人的心肺功能(心脏代谢疾病的健康风险指标)得到改善。此外还有其他方面的改善,如肌肉力量增加和平衡控制能力提高。更为重要的是,生产效率随肌肉力量改善和BMI下降而提高。结论:所有研究组健康状况均有改善,其效应值具有临床意义。因此,如果一项IPET方案能有专家指导以确保其效力,加上雇主支持,该项lPET便能提高健康水平。成本一效益估算表明,其开支节省金额相对于医疗费用及生产效率损失,IPET方案产生的成本是可接受的。
