中国刑事错案中的鉴定问题——基于50例案件的实证研究

The Appraisal Problems in Misjudged Criminal Cases-An Empirical Research Based on 50 Cases

刑事错案,究其原因,并非法律适用的错误,而是在事实认定上出现偏差,即鉴定之误。以实证研究之方法,加以归纳演绎和综合分析,对刑事错案中的鉴定问题进行研究,探究引发刑事错案的主要原因:侦查机关破案的压力;证据的数量和质量;鉴定人的专业能力;刑事科学技术的可靠性;现场勘察检材提取、现场构建等方面的问题;故意错鉴等。提出解决方案:第一,鉴定体制进行体制改革,凸显鉴定中立性,如侦查机关内设鉴定机构人员和侦查主体适度相分离;其次,保障利害关系人权利,实现以权利制约权力;再次,利用权利制约权力的同时,要求侦查机关建立备鉴制度;最后,允许当事人参与鉴定,强化对鉴定活动监督。

Some misjudged criminal cases occur not due to the mistake in application of law, but in facts finding with appraisal. Based on the empirical study of cases with inductive and deductive methods, and comprehensive analysis, the paper explores the causes of misjudged criminal cases. The major causes include the pressure on the investigation organs to resolve a case; the quantity and quality of evidence; the professional ability of appraisers; the reliability of criminal appraisal technology; the field evidence collection and scene reconstruction issues; the deliberate wrong appraisal, etc. Solutions are proposed. Firstly, reform the appraisal system to keep its neutrality, for instance, internal appraisers of investigation organs should be separated from the investigation. Secondly, protect the rights of interested parties and use right to restrict powers.Thirdly, require investigation organs to establish an appraisal recordation system. Finally, allow the parties to participate in the appraisal and strengthen the supervision over appraisal activities.