Alternate Wetting and Drying of Rice Reduced CH4 Emissions but Triggered N2O Peaks in a Clayey Soil of Central Italy

Reducing CH_4 and N_2O emissions from rice cropping systems while sustaining production levels with less water requires a better understanding of the key processes involved. Alternate wetting and drying(AWD) irrigation is one promising practice that has been shown to reduce CH_4 emissions. However, little is known about the impact of this practice on N_2O emissions, in particular under Mediterranean climate. To close this knowledge gap, we assessed how AWD influenced grain yield, fluxes and annual budgets of CH_4 and N_2O emissions, and global warming potential(GWP) in Italian rice systems over a 2-year period. Overall, a larger GWP was observed under AWD, as a result of high N_2O emissions which offset reductions in CH_4 emissions. In the first year, with 70% water reduction, the yields were reduced by 33%, CH_4 emissions decreased by 97%, while N_2O emissions increased by more than 5-fold under AWD as compared to PF; in the second year, with a 40% water saving, the reductions of rice yields and CH_4 emissions(13% and11%, respectively) were not significant, but N_2O fluxes more than doubled. The transition from anaerobic to aerobic soil conditions resulted in the highest N_2O fluxes under AWD. The duration of flooding, transition to aerobic conditions, water level above the soil surface, and the relative timing between fertilization and flooding were the main drivers affecting greenhouse gas mitigation potential under AWD and should be carefully planned through site-specific management options.

Reducing CH4 and N20 emissions from rice cropping systems while sustaining production levels with less water requires a better understanding of the key processes involved. Alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation is one promising practice that has been shown to reduce CH4 emissions. However, little is known about the impact of this practice on N20 emissions, in particular under Mediterranean climate. To close this knowledge gap, we assessed how AWD influenced grain yield, fluxes and annual budgets of CH4 and N20 emissions, and global warming potential （GWP） in Italian rice systems over a 2-year period. Overall, a larger GWP was observed under AWD, as a result of high N20 emissions which offset reductions in CH4 emissions. In the first year, with 70% water reduction, the yields were reduced by 33%, CH4 emissions decreased by 97%, while N20 emissions increased by more than 5-fold under AWD as compared to PF; in the second year, with a 40% water saving, the reductions of rice yields and CH4 emissions （13% and 11%, respectively） were not significant, but N20 fluxes more than doubled. The transition from anaerobic to aerobic soil conditions resulted in the highest N20 fluxes under AWD. The duration of flooding, transition to aerobic conditions, water level above the soil surface, and the relative timing between fertilization and flooding were the main drivers affecting greenhouse gas mitigation potential under AWD and should be carefully planned through site-specific management options.