清季预备立宪时期吏部的裁撤及其主要原因

Revocation of the Official Department in Preparation for Constitutional Monarchy in Late Qing Dynasty

清季预备立宪时期,作为"六官之长"、"体制本崇"的吏部却处在风口浪尖。或撤并,或保留,或缓裁,或改名,各种主张不一而足。由于各种矛盾的存在和诸多现实问题的考量,几经周折,到1911年,吏部终于被撤销。其原有主要职能归入内阁,另一部分则陆续被分割到地方和其他中央部门。吏部暂时存留和最终撤销的结局是由多种因素促成的。与明朝吏部相比,清朝吏部的人事权大大萎缩,其职权先天不足;吏部对中下级官员采用掣签法铨选很难做到人地相宜,铨选制度存在先天缺陷。清季筹备宪政时期,裁撤吏部也是仿效外国宪政制度、利益势力彼此博弈和吏部权力日益蚕食的直接结果。1910年败露的贿买知县案则加速了吏部的裁撤。

In the preparation for the Constitutional Monarchy in late Qing Dynasty,the Official Department known as'the leader of the six officers'and'the system of the worship'was at the forefront.There were all kinds of claims,for example,to remove,or to retain,or to slow cutting,or to rename,etc.Considering the existence of many contradictions and practical problems,the official department was finally revoked in 1911.Its original main functions were transferred to the cabinet,while the others were divided into the local and other departments gradually.To sum up,the temporary reservation and revocation of official department was caused by many factors.There are the subjective reasons——the personnel shortages of the official department,the defects of the system of the key choice and the endless acquired disadvantages.Also,there are objective factors,such as the imitation of the foreign constitutional system,the game of the powerful interests group and the increasing encroachment of the power of the official department.