北魏州郡学的统一建立与拓跋鲜卑的汉化改革——兼谈北魏汉族士人儒学复兴的艰辛历程

Establishment of Prefecture School in the Northern Wei Dynasty and Reform for Chinesization:A Concurrent Study on the Han Scholars' Hard Struggles for Confucianism Revitalization

北魏州郡学不是承袭汉魏地方官学传统,而是承汉魏中央官学体系而来,学校名称、教师称谓、学制规模、考试方法均与两汉太学相似。这是因为北魏前期的中书学不能代表儒学教育传统,汉族士人将州郡学的建立看作儒学在中原的复兴。以冯太后为代表的决策者也将州郡学的建立作为一个切入点,为太和年间全面深入的汉化改革开启序幕。当汉化改革全面完成,中央官学进入正宗的儒学教育体系之后,北魏州郡学也完成了它的使命,退回到地方国民教育体系中去。北魏州郡学的建立反映了北方汉族士人重建中原儒学教育的艰辛历程。

prefecture school operated not in the tradition of local official school but in the tradition of central official school system in the Northern Wei dynasty. The tittles of school and teacher, system, size, examination method in this era were similar to the imperial school of the Han era. The ethnical Han^s schools in the early Northern Wei dynasty did not represent Confucius education tradition, the Han scholars regarded establishment of prefecture school as Confucianism revitalization. Represented by Empress dowager Feng the ruling decision-makers too regarded establishment of prefecture school as a departure point for Chinesization reform, thus opened the prologue to the comprehensive and deepening Chinesization reform. By the reform＇ s success the central official school had been integrated into the standard Confucianism education system, prefecture school also had achieved its mission, then reverted to local civic education system, establishment of prefecture school reflected the northern Han scholars＇ hard struggle for Confucianism revitalization in the Northern Wei dynasty.