马面溯源——以石峁遗址外城东门址为中心

Tracing the Origin of Mamian-bastion: Focusing on the Eastern Gate of the Outer City of Shimao City Site

马面是突出于城垣外侧、每隔一定距离修建的台状附属设施，主要功能是提高城墙的防御能力，其间距多以当时火力能够交叉的最大距离为限。一般来说，城墙多为直线形，守军只能向前方攻击墙下的敌军。在城墙外侧间隔一定距离修筑凸字形辅助设施，既增加了防御面积也可容纳更多的防守人员。守军没有了墙下的攻击死角，可自上而下从三面观察和攻击来犯之敌，还能加固城墙本体。

At the site of the eastern gate of the outer city of Shimao City Site, there were three types of mamian-bastions, which were bastions protruding out of the outer surface of the city wall, the barbicans flanking the gateway and the corner bastions. By the trimming of the relevant archaeological materials, it is revealed that the bastions roughly emerged in the northern China during the late Longshan Age; Lower Xiajiadian Culture has yielded special-shaped mamian-bastions in semicircular plan. Before the Han Dynasty, the mamian-bastions emerged in the northern China much earlier than in the Central Plains, and the numbers were also many more than the latter. The Han Dynasty and the Three-Kingdoms Period were the developing and maturing periods for the mamian-bastions, and the Sui, Tang and the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties were the flourishing period of the mamian-bastions.