1927—1937年湖北农业政策的困境及影响因素散论

Essay on the Dilemma and Influencing Factors of the Agricultural Policy of Hubei Province from 1927 to 1937

为振兴农业,1927—1937年国民政府和湖北地方政府实施了土地改革,创建农业金融制度,进行农业改良,推行田赋及附加税整理等一系列改革。然而土地政策因为政策本身的不完善、启动的迟缓及执行不力而流产;农业金融改革因政策设计徒以"救济"乃至救济乏力,收效甚微;农业改良因受到财政的制约及自身限制而成效不著;田赋改革更因涉及中央、地方利益的调整执行乏力,部分实现了地方政府增加税收的意图,但是中央意图未能实现,广大农民利益受损。农田水利建设过程中的官员腐败、水利专款不能专用,极大地影响了农田水利建设。导致这一政策困境的主要因素有:政府与目标团体间的博弈、政策执行的乏力、财力制约及政策环境的影响。

The National Government and Hubei Local Government tried to rejuvenate agri- culture, which was reflected in a wide range of plans, laws, agricultural organizations and policies. However, these policies failed because of the imperfect policies themselves, delayed implementation, as well as invalid enforcement. Reform in land tax was not successful due to some adjustments concerning interests of central or local governments. The purpose of rai- sing taxes of local government was realized, while the aim of the central government was not achieved. What was worse, a great loss was caused to the majority of farmers. In irrigation and water conservancy, corruption among officials existed and special funds were not ear- marked for specific purposes, leading to a great impact to the effect of construction, as well as the capacity of agricultural products surviving natural risks. The main factors that led to this policy dilemma are as follows： the game between the Government and the target groups, the implementation of policies fatigue, financial constraints and the impact of the policy environment.