论中国先秦哲学的技术认知与“巨匠”观念

On Technical Cognition and “Master Craftsmanship Concept” in China's Pre-Qin Philosophy

在中国社会早期,道器关系是中国工艺哲学的核心问题,而对道技关系的思考则相对薄弱。之所以出现这种差异,原因在于社会的不平等导致了器具使用和器具制作的分离。到战国时代,西周确立的社会政治等级制全面崩解,新兴的思想者要么是技术劳动的同情者,要么本身就出身于匠人阶层,这种时代变化直接导致了思想界对技术思考的深化。其中,墨家的贡献主要在于技术的目的论和认识论,道家(庄子)的贡献主要在于技术的过程论和心理学,但两者又共同将技术的本源提升到了形而上学乃至神学的层面。这种提升使原本卑下的百工之技因哲学的支持而获得神圣价值,同时也促成了中国"巨匠"观念的诞生。

In the early stages of Chinese society, the core issue in Chinese technological philosophy was the relation- ship between＂ Tao＂ （ systematic ideas about bow things should be done ） and＂ Qi＂ （ tools ） ; however, considerations on the relationship between＂Tao＂ and＂Ji＂ （ skills or techniques） was less stressed. The reason for this discrepancy was because of the separation between the use of tools and the making of tools caused by social inequality. When the Warring States era arrived, the social and political hierarchy established during the Western Zhou Dynasty saw a total disintegration. The new generation of thinkers either showed sympathy for skilled labor, or came from craftsman families in their own names. This historical change was a direct cause for the deepening of thinking on technological ideology. Specifically, the major contribution made by the Mohists included technological Skopos theory and epistemology, while the contribution made by Taoism （Chuang Tzu）included technical process theory and psychology. Both these schools had elevated the shared origin of technology onto the metaphysical and even theological level. This act of elevation had given technical labor divine values thanks to the support from philosophy, and also contributed to the birth of the Chinese concept of ＂master craftsmanship＂.