林业有害生物灾害损失评估指标体系构建

Construction on Index System of Forest pest Disaster Loss Assessment

【目的】林业有害生物对森林造成的灾害逐年增加,灾害损失评估也越来越得到林业管理部门和研究部门的重视,构建一套适宜的林业有害生物灾害损失评估指标体系也成为关注的热点。【方法】依据科学性、系统性、层次性、可行性和可比性原则,采用技术经济法、重置成本法、防护支出法、市场价值法和支付意愿法等构建了一套包括3个一级指标、14个二级指标和30个三级指标的林业有害生物灾害损失评估指标体系。【结果】3个一级指标分别是直接经济损失、生态服务功能损失及社会效益损失;14个二级指标分别是林木经济损失、林果经济损失、预防治理费用损失、造林营林费用损失、涵养水源功能损失、保育土壤功能损失、固碳释氧功能损失、积累营养物质功能损失、净化大气功能损失、森林防护功能损失、生物多样性保护功能损失、森林游憩损失、森林文化损失及非林业行业损失,30个三级指标分别是森林蓄积量损失、林木生长量损失、木材等级降低损失、林果产量损失、林果质量损失、预防费用损失、治理费用损失、造林费用损失、营林费用损失、调节水量损失、净化水质损失、固土损失、保肥损失、固碳损失、释氧损失、积累氮损失、积累磷损失、积累钾损失、积累有机肥损失、提供负离子损失、吸收污染物损失、降低噪音损失、阻滞降尘损失、农田防护损失、牧场防护损失、路渠防护损失、生物多样性保护功能损失、游憩环境影响损失、森林文化影响损失和与森林有关的非林业行业损失。该评估指标体系规范了林业有害生物灾害造成的直接经济损失和生态服务功能损失各项评估指标的含义与定量计算模型,森林游憩、森林文化以及非林业行业的社会效益损失评估难以做到完全统一量化,可以采用支付意愿法进行计算,也可以采用调查法直接计算经济损失。【结论】应用该评估指标体系可以就某一地区发生的林业有害生物灾害损失进行系统地评估,也可以为其他森林火灾、森林气象灾害和森林滥砍滥伐等造成的灾害损失进行评估,同时森林生态服务功能灾害损失计算模型也同样适用于森林生态服务功能效益评价。林业有害生物灾害损失评估指标体系构建对林业有害生物防治与灾害损失评估以及森林资源经营管理具有重要的理论与实践指导意义。

【Objective】The forest pest disasters are increasing year by year,thus the disaster loss assessment is getting more and more attention by the forestry administrative department and the forestry research department,and it has become hot spot to construct a suitable index system of the forest pest damage assessment. 【Method】In this paper,a forest pest damage assessment index system is constructed,including 3 first grade indexes,14 second grade indexes and 30 third grade indexes,according to the scientific,systematic,hierarchical,feasibility and comparability principles,by using technical and economic approach,replacement cost approach,defensive expenditure approach,market value approach,and willing to pay approach.【Result】The 3 first grade indexes are for direct economic loss,ecological service function loss and social benefit loss. The 14 second grade indexes are for forest economic loss,fruit economic loss,prevention and treatment cost,afforestation and management cost,water conservation loss,soil conservation loss,carbon fixation and oxygen release loss, nutrient accumulation loss, atmosphere purification loss, forest protection loss, biodiversity conservation loss,forest recreation loss,forest culture loss,and non-forestry industry loss. The 30 third grade indexes arefor forest stock volume loss,forest growth amount loss,timber grade lower loss,fruit production loss,fruit quality loss,prevention cost loss,treatment cost loss,afforestation cost loss,management cost loss,water adjustment loss,water quality purification loss,soil solidification loss,fertilizer retaining loss,carbon fixation loss,oxygen release loss,accumulation loss of N,P,K,OM,oxygen ion provision loss,pollution absorption loss,noise reduction loss,dust retardation loss,farmland protection loss,pasture protection loss,road drainage protection loss,biodiversity protection loss,recreation environment damage loss,forest culture impact loss,and other related industries losses caused by forest pest disaster. The evaluation index system standardized the meaning and quantitative calculation model of direct economic loss and ecological service function losses by forest pests. For forest recreation loss,forest culture loss,and other related industries losses which are difficult to be quantitative calculate,it could be calculated by the method of willing to pay is used,and the economic loss could also be calculated directly by using the survey method.【Conclusion】This assessment index system can be applied to not only forest pest disaster loss assessment in a region,but also the estimation of losses caused by other disasters,such as forest fire,forest meteorological damage,deforestation. Besides,the quantitative calculation methods of ecological service function losses are equally applicable to the assessment of forest ecological service function. The forest pest disaster loss assessment index system is of great significance for the forest pest control and forest resources management.