2014年超强台风“威马逊”灾害特征与社会致灾机制分析

Analysis on Flood Disaster Characteristics and Disaster Mechanism Caused by the Super Typhoon Rammasun in 2014

台风是一种具有严重破坏性的天气事件,认识超强台风造成的洪涝灾害特点、成灾机制,以及社会响应特征对于水利防灾减灾具有重要意义。通过对2014年超强台风"威马逊"给海南省带来的严重洪涝灾害进行系统调查分析,发现此次灾害呈现出的特点是:受灾人口比重大,人员伤亡严重;农业受灾比重较大,成灾比重高;倒塌房屋数量巨大;灾害损失严重,农林牧渔业损失严重,水利损失较轻。进一步的分析表明:建筑设计标准偏低,基础设施管理有待完善;基层防台专业组织管理乏力,社区居民避险自救能力弱,社会综合减灾能力不足等社会防灾减灾体系不健全;法规预案体系不健全等是造成此次灾害严重损失的主要因素。据此,从结构性减灾(基础设施)和非结构性减灾(制度建设、社会参与)两方面提出今后防御超强台风的建议。

Typhoon is a serious destructive weather event,and the damage caused by typhoon is serious. Understanding characteristics of typhoon flood disasters,disaster mechanism and social response have an important significance for disaster prevention and mitigation. Through investigation of typhoon floods disaster in Hainan province caused by super typhoon Rammasun,we found that the disaster lead to a number of affected population and serious casualties; agriculture affected area and inundated area accounted for a larger share of the planting area; huge number of collapsed houses. Disaster losses are serious,and agriculture loss accounted for a larger share,water loss accounted for less. Further research shows the following factors should be responsible for the disaster loss,including that the construction design standard is low,the infrastructure management needs to be improved,the ability of professional disaster management is weak,the community residents＇ disaster risk perception is weak,the social disaster prevention and reduction system is not perfect,and the plan and regulations system is not perfect. Accordingly,this article recommends that mitigation super typhoon disaster need do many detail works including structural disaster mitigation strategies（ Infrastructure construction） and the non structural disaster mitigation strategies（ plan or regulations system,social participation）.