正当防卫认定客观标准的反思与出路——英美法系之借鉴

Reconsider of the Objective Standard of Self-defense--from the Angle of Common-law System

正当防卫的认定标准在英美法系与大陆法系中大相径庭。英美法系中正当防卫的成立采用主观标准,以行为人为视角,以"真诚而合理"为纽带构建体系。英美法系主观化标准的引入有利于弥补大陆法系正当防卫制度的现有不足。以防卫限度为例,行为过当说、结果过当说、二重标准说各有不足,究其原因,大陆法系正当防卫成立条件上均以客观事实为标准,因而机械生硬。除此以外,客观标准对假想防卫主观心态、对未成年人防卫限度等问题的解决上捉襟见肘,英美法系主观判断标准的引入颇有裨益。

Justifiable defense in common-law system and civil-law system differ too much.The paper analyses the types of justifiable defense in common-law system to conclude the difference of defense of body and defense of property,and compare them with justifiable defense in civil-law system.In common-law system,the standard of justifiable defense is subjective,with the angle of doer and the standard of＂ honest and reasonable＂,they establish the system of justifiable defense.The subjective standard in common-law system makes up the weaknesses in civil-law system to analyze justifiable defense.For example,in terms of limit of defense,the standard of action or the standard of result or the double standard all have problems.The construction of justifiable defense has other problems in civil-law system.The introduction of subjective standard in common-law system has benefits to solve problems.