一个外国学者眼中的马克思主义——兼评罗伯特·海尔布隆纳的《马克思主义支持与反对》

A FOREIGN SCHOLAR'S VIEW OF MARXISM——The Review of Marxism,For and Against by Robert L. Heilbroner

立足于对马克思主义经典著作文本的考证,运用唯物史观和辩证唯物主义的分析方法评判罗伯特·海尔布隆纳的利弊得失,并力图在评介中厘清对马克思主义的科学认识。主要结论是:首先,罗伯特·海尔布隆纳在《马克思主义支持与反对》一书中为我们展现了解读马克思主义的新视角——既支持又反对。其次,海尔布隆纳以4大要素界定马克思主义的研究范畴,容易造成对马克思主义理论体系的割裂与分化,破坏了马克思主义的系统性和科学性。再次,海尔布隆纳提出的唯物史观和辩证法在后现代语境下面临的两大挑战,为我们进一步研究马克思主义的"唯物史观"和"历史决定论"提供了新的思路。认为海尔布隆纳将政治行为缺陷归咎于马克思对人的本质规定的阐述,是对马克思主义的曲解;指出在没有经过系统的文本考察,就断言马克思没有预见和解释政治权力扩大的影响也是武断的。

Based on the textual research on Marxist classical works,the paper uses the analysis method of historical and dialectical materialism to judge Robert L. Heilbroner’pros and cons and tries to clarify a scientific understanding of Marxism in the review. The main conclusion is： first,Robert Heilbroner shows us a new perspective of interpreting Marxism in Robert L. Heilbroner’book Marxism,For and Against： support and opposition. He argues that the research category of Marxist theory can be defined in four major elements,which easily leads to the fragmentation and differentiation of the theoretical system of Marxism and the destruction of the systemic and scientific nature of Marxism. In addition,the historical materialism and dialectics proposed by Robert L. Heilbroner are faced with two major challenges in the post modern context,which provides a new idea for us to further study Marx’s ＂historical materialism＂and ＂historical determinism＂. But Robert L. Heilbroner attributes the defects of political behavior to Marx’s doctrine of ＂human nature＂,which is a distortion of the Marxism. The paper points out that in the absence of systematic textual research,it is arbitrary to conclude that Marx failed to foresee and explain the impact of the expansion of political power