论中国古代谏议思想与信息传播

The Admonishment Thought of Ancient China and Information Dissemination

从传播学角度,我们可以说谏议是人际互动的传播形式,但在君主专制政治制度下,臣下面向君主的谏议传播,其本身已经当然地被赋予了不平等地位。古人虽肯定对君主进言匡正的价值与意义,而且谏议传播的方式多样,但在具体的传播策略与技巧上颇有讲求,讽谏的传播方式与策略是其主要特征。从整个思想文化看,西周至春秋时代形成的人文主义思潮、政治理性意识,是谏议思想得以形成的重要思想背景。从西周开始,谏议就已经成为统治者正己、防民的重要理念,也构成士大夫规谏君主、疏导民情的正当资源。在古代政治学说中,广为人们征引的谏议理论主要有和同论、以道事君论、兼听论和疏导论。然而,相对于先秦至秦汉以"道高于君"为主要理论依据的谏议传播,唐宋以后,建筑于"君臣一体"观念之上的谏议传播更加缺少批判的品格,强化了为专制政治服务,与君主政治同体的面貌。

From the perspective, we can say that admonishing is the form of interpersonal interaction, but in the political system of monarchy, ministers＇ admonishment to the emperors is not on an equal footing. The ancients affirmed the value and significance of admonishment to the emperor in diverse ways, but it is conducted with specific communication strategies and skills. Viewed from its whole ideology and culture, the humanistic ideological trend and political consciousness of reason formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring-and-Autumn period are the important background of the formation of admonishment. Starting from the Western Zhou Dynasty, admonishment had become a means for rulers to rectify themselves and for ministers to advise the emperor and handle public opinions. However, from the Tang and Song dynasties, admonishment had been used mainly to serve despotism.