毛泽东与《辩证唯物主义 历史唯物主义》的编写

The Exploration and Analysis of the Relationship Between MAO Ze-dong and the Compilation of Dialectical Materialism & Historical Materialism and Its Evaluation

1961年艾思奇主编的《辩证唯物主义历史唯物主义》,是中华人民共和国成立后中国哲学工作者集体编写的第一本全国党校和高校通用的马克思主义哲学教科书。它的问世与毛泽东有密切关系,毛泽东曾批示同意编写马克思主义哲学教科书并亲阅书稿。毛泽东同时以哲学家名世,他对怎样阐释马克思主义哲学曾深思熟虑,素来强调辩证法的核心是对立统一规律。《辩证唯物主义历史唯物主义》出版后,毛泽东是怎样评价的少有文字记载,但毛泽东对它的内容可能不满意。该书1961年夏修改完成之时,毛泽东嘱李达另编一本马克思主义哲学教科书,1964年毛泽东在约艾思奇谈话时也不谈及这本书,而是抒发自己的哲学见解,强调辩证法的核心是对立统一规律,这可视为对该书的一种隐喻式评价。同年8月毛泽东召集康生、陈伯达等谈哲学问题时,"我是土哲学,你们是洋哲学"一语是一种婉转的批评,分量其实很重。他在阐明自己的哲学观点时以轻松口吻当面批评了康生、陈伯达等人,因为是他们领导艾思奇主编了这本洋哲学教科书。《辩证唯物主义历史唯物主义》在中国的马克思主义哲学教科书编写史上享有很高的地位,但毛泽东对它确实是不满意的,这种不满意和批评不像对李达主编的《马克思主义哲学大纲》批评那样直截了当。

Dialectical Materialism ＆ Historical Materialism, edited by AI Si-qi and published in 1961, is the first textbook of Marxist philosophy applied or used universally in China＇ s Party schools and colleges and universities, and the first textbook of Marxist philosophy written by China＇ s philosophy worker. Its publishment has a close relationship with MAO Ze-dong, a well- known philosopher who once gave his approval to the compilation of this textbook of Marxist philosophy by written instructions or comments and reviewed or inspected its manuscript. He had already had deep consideration on how to interpret Marxist philosophy and always emphasized that the core of dialectics is the law of unity of opposites. After the publishment of Dialectical Materialism ＆ Historical Materialism, it has seldom recorded in written words how MAO assessed or evaluated it, but it is possible that MAO was dissatisfied with its contents. After the completion of the modification of this textbook in the summer of 1961, MAO enjoined LI Da to compile another textbook of Marxist philosophy. In 1964, when MAO arranged lalks with AI, he didn＇ t talk of this textbook, hut gave expression to his own philosophical views and emphasized that the core of dialectics is the law of unity of opposites, which can be seen as a metaphorical evaluation of this textbook. In August of the same year （1964）, when MAO convened KANG Sheng, CHEN Bo-da, etc. to talk about philosophical issues, he gave a heavy criticism in tactful language that ＂my philosophy is the indigenous philosophy, while your philosophies are the foreign ones＂, which indicates that MAO criticized KANG, CHEN, etc. face to face in a relaxed tone when he illuminated his philosophical views because it was they that led AI in editing such a foreign philosophical textbook. Dialectical Materialism ＆ Historical Materialism enjoys a high historical status in China＇ s history of the compilation of Marxist philosophy textbook, but MAO did dissatisfied with it. Such a dissatisfaction and criticism is not as straightforward as the criticism of The Outline of Marxist Philosophy edited by LI Da.