井田制研究与近代中国——20世纪前半期的井田制研究及其意义

Studies on Jingtian and Modern China:Research on jingtian in the first half of the 20^(th) century

长期以来,土地制度是中国社会的基础。而作为其源头的"井田制"不仅仅作为一个"历史"事实,同时还作为"理想"与"现实"贯穿于历史的始终,成为中国传统学术中的经典问题。进入近代之后,在救亡压力与西方文明的冲击下,传统上对于井田制之"历史"、"理想"、"现实"三维度统一的理解也分裂了,呈现为"理想—现实"(今文经学)与"历史—现实"(古文经学)的两个极端。而在进入民国之后,在西方社会科学的影响之下,众多学者们开始在新的意义上探索井田制之三维度的新关联,同时也是试图通过重新理解传统,来探索中国走向现代社会的方向。20世纪20年代有胡适和柳诒徵对于"历史"维度与"理想"维度的分别探索,30-40年代则有郭沫若、高耘晖等开始在社会理论的基础上重新统一"历史"、"理想"、"现实"三维度的尝试。在这些尝试中,"历史"与"理想"维度间的张力继续成为问题焦点。这些重要研究深化了井田制新研究的各个侧面,为我们今后进一步探究井田制的意义,并在此基础上深入理解中国社会的现状与未来奠定了基础。

As the origin of the Chinese land policy,jingtian is not only 'historical' but also concerns the 'ideal' and 'fact'.Faced with threat to national security and the influence of western thoughts,modern China witnesses a heated debate over jingtian along three lines of understanding: jingtian as 'history','ideal 'and 'fact',more specifically,between the division of 'ideal-fact' in the New Text Confucianism and the'history-fact'in the Old Text Confucianism.During the Republican era,scholars reignited the debate over jingtian to draw insights from traditions and explore paths for a modern China.In the 1920 s,Hu and Liu conducted research on jingtian as 'history'and the 'ideal'.In the 1930s and 1940s Guo and Gao reestablished the unity of different understandings over jingtian by reuniting them in social theory.In all the efforts,the tension between 'history' and 'ideal' remains the focus of the debate.