怀疑论与康德的政治哲学

Skepticism and Kant's Political Philosophy

怀疑论不仅是康德批判哲学的一个重要的问题意识,同时也是康德政治哲学的一个重要的问题意识。康德对于现代政治境况的理解受到怀疑论的影响,这尤为鲜明地体现在他对自然状态采取了一种典型的霍布斯式的理解,即把自然状态理解为一种意见的战争状态。但康德也在政治哲学上对怀疑论作出了鲜明的回应,并由此在两个关键点上修正了霍布斯的现代政治建构方案:其一是自保作为政治社会的道德基础;其二是绝对主义的主权观。正是康德在这两点上所作的关键修正使他能够把现代政治的理想描绘成一种关于法制共和国及其相互之间和平共存的理想。

Skepticism is presented as an important question for both Kant's critical philosophy and political philosophy. Kant's understanding of modern political conditions is heavily influenced by skepticism so that he adopts a Hobbesian interpretation of the state of nature,that is,it is a state of war of opinions. Nevertheless,Kant also makes a distinctive response to skepticism which eventually enables him to revise Hobbes' s plan of modern political construction mainly in two respects:firstly,the principle of selfpreservation as the foundation of modern political society,and secondly,the notion of absolute sovereignty. It is because of these two crucial revisions that Kant finally depicts modern political ideal as an ideal of lawful republics with their peaceful relationship.