基于心理理论视角的点球方向决策研究

Study on Decision-making of Penalty-kick Direction from the Perspective of Mind Theory

结合量化研究与部分质性研究,借助实验室文字模拟的点球实验、视频点球游戏和现实的点球情境,探索不同层级的心理理论对守门员和罚球队员点球方向决策的影响及其原因。研究结果显示,对于罚球队员来说,在双方完全陌生的时候,存在一个很明显的偏好方向,而在知道守门员了解自己的罚球偏向后,表现出了左右均衡的罚球策略,这样的趋势在3个实验中是一致的;对于守门员来说,扑向自身偏好的次数随心理层级的增加逐渐减少,而与罚球队员偏好方向的一致性则呈现先升后降的趋势,当双方都相互了解的时候,守门员的方向选择回到了均衡水平,只是略有向射门偏好方向倾斜。研究说明,心理理论层级影响点球球员的方向决策,表现为球员在了解对手的偏好时会据此改变自己的原有偏好,而在认为对方了解自己的状态时,则会刻意避免自己出现对某个方向的偏好。

This study focuses on exploring the influence of different levels of theory of mind on the decision for penalty-kick direction for both shooters and goalkeepers in a laboratory stimulated penalty situation,penalty video games and real penalty-kicks with the combination of quantitative research and part of qualitative research.The result shows that for the shooters,there is an evident preferred direction when they are total strangers,after knowing the goalkeepers he then knows his bias,shows a balanced strategy,which trends were identical in three experiments;for the goalkeepers,the frequency of self-preference direction decreased with increasing levels of Theory of Mind,while the consistency of shooter＇s preferred direction increased first and then decreased.When they know each other well,goalkeepers chose to return to equilibrium level,with only slight incline to the shooter＇s preferred direction.The levels of theory of mind influence the penalty players＇ direction decision-making.Football players will change their own direction preference when they know the opponents＇ preferred direction,but deliberately avoid direction preference when studied by opponents.