“刚柔相济”:近代中国制宪史上的社会权规定

Combination of Rigidness and Weakness: The Regulations of Social Welfare Rights in the Modern Constitutional History of China

宪法社会权的规定始于1919年德国魏玛宪法,由此开创了一个宪法上的新时代。魏玛宪法通过不久就被介绍到中国,而近代国人将传统中国大同的理想、均平的实践与欧洲最新的立宪趋势相结合,在制宪中也特别关注"民生"与"均富"问题。从1920年代到1940年代,历次民国宪法草案也大都规划了社会权的专章。但社会权入宪也带来两难的困境:宪法社会权的积极保障可能会造成对自由权的侵害,反过来宪法社会权保障的不充分又会危害宪法的尊严。近代中国制宪者将柔性的社会权与刚性的宪法典熔于一炉,在宪法体系安排上独具匠心,将社会权("弱权利")作为"基本国策"单列一章,与宪法"基本权利"("强权利")一章分开,不失为一种有益的探索。

The social welfare rights had become the constitutional rights since the Weimar constitution in1919,which set up a new constitutional era. The Weimar constitution had been introduced to China very quickly,and the Chinese constitutional drafters combined the traditional ideals of the people's livelihood and great harmony with the new European constitutional tendency. And the people 's livelihood and equalized wealth had become one of the most important issues in drafting constitution. From 1920's to 1940's,the social rights constituted the independent chapter in almost every drafted constitution. But as a coin has two sides,the social rights might be conflicted with the basic rights. In the modern legislative history,it's a significant attempt that the constitutional drafters merged the rigid constitution with the weak rights,and separated the social rights from the chapter of the basic rights.