对外经济战略、大国关联利益与战后秩序——两次世界大战后美国对外经济战略与德国问题

Foreign Economic Strategy,Great Power Complementary Interests and Post-War Order:America and the German Problem Following the Two World Wars

两次世界大战结束后,战胜国对德国问题的处理导致了迥然不同的结果,文章试图探寻这种不同结果的外部根源。文章认为,一战后由于美国坚持要求英法等欧洲国家偿付战争债务,致使后者在德国赔款问题上实施了过度榨取的政策,从而引发了一战后德国国内政治经济的持续动荡,为德国国内极端政治势力的崛起提供了条件。最终,美国不仅没能如数收回债务,反而被卷入二战。而二战结束后,美国实施的马歇尔计划为欧洲重建提供了启动资金,帮助欧洲恢复了经济,抑制了德国国内的极端政治势力,稳固了联邦德国的新生政权,重建了战后国际秩序,同时也实现了美国自身的国家利益。通过对比美国在两次世界大战后的不同对外经济战略所导致的不同结果,文章试图阐明,随着当代世界安全结构的变迁,大国的利益半径在扩大,与他国的关联利益日趋明显,要实现自身的国家利益,就需要关照包括竞争对手在内的其他国家的利益。

The post-war treatment of Germany by the victorious powers resulted in very different outcomes when comparing World War I and World War II.This article attempts to identify the external factors behind these different outcomes.It argues that the insistence by the United States that Great Britain,France and other European states repay their war debt following World War I caused these states to adopt a very narrow view with respect to German payment of Post-War reparations.This led to continued domestic political and economic unrest in Germany following World War I.In the end,not only did the United States fail to realize its hopes of collecting on the war debt,it further became engulfed in a Second World War.Following the end of World War II on the other hand,the U.S.instituted the Marshall Plan,providing Europe with funds to initiate Post-War reconstruction,assisting with the revitalization of European economies,and further suppressing extremist political forces in Germany.This helped to consolidate the new political authority in the Federal Republic of Germany,rebuild the post-War international order,and realize America's national interests.By comparing the outcomes of the different American foreign economic strategies following World Wars I and II respectively,this article attempts to illustrate that as global security structures evolve,and as the sphere of great power interests expands,complementary interests become increasingly prevalent.In such a context,the achievement of one state's national interest depends to a greater extent on support given to the national interests of other states-including competitors.