反向混淆之“本土化”思考

Reflections on Localization of Reverse Confusion

反向混淆是一种特殊的商标侵权类型，其法理依据和适用情形是由美国法院在司法实践中逐步归纳总结形成的。由於反向混淆与普通的正向混淆具有不同的主观意图、事实构成和损害後果，在认定反向混淆构成条件时，需在普通混淆认定标准的基础上有所调整。美国法院对此并未形成较为统一的标准，即反向混淆的构成要件尚不明确。目前，反向混淆理论已为我国一些法院所接受和认可，出现了一些反向混淆案件的判决，但是在反向混淆侵权判定和损害赔偿方面仍存在诸多问题。为此，

Reverse Confusion is a special type of trademark in- fringement, whose legal basis and circumstances for appli- cation have been gradually summarized and formulated by the United States courts in judicial practice. Since reverse confusion is differentiated from traditional forward confu- sion in terms of subjective intent, constitution of facts and the consequence of damages, the determination of the components of reverse confusion shall be to some extent adjusted on the basis of the criteria for the determination of forward confusion. The criteria have not yet been unified by the U.S. courts, that is to say, the components of reverse confusion remain unclear and ambiguous. Currently, the theory of reverse confusion has been recognized and ac- cepted by some courts in China, demonstrating as deci- sions regarding cases of confusion reverse. However,